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chukker [chukker 词源字典]: chukker: see cycle
[chukker etymology, chukker origin, 英语词源]
duke: duke: [12] Duke is one of a wide range of English words which come ultimately from the Latin verb dūcere ‘lead’ (see DUCT). In this case its source was the Latin derivative dux ‘leader’ (ancestor also of Italian duce, the title adopted by the 20th-century dictator Benito Mussolini), which passed into English via Old French duc. In Latin the word signified ‘military commander of a province’, and in the so-called Dark Ages it was taken up in various European languages as the term for a ‘prince ruling a small state’.

Old English never adopted it though, preferring its own word earl, and it was not until the 14th century that it was formally introduced, by Edward III, as a rank of the English peerage. Before that the word had been used in English only in the titles of foreign dukes, or (echoing the word’s etymological meaning) as a general term for ‘leader’ or ‘military commander’. The feminine form duchess [14] comes from Old French, while English has two terms for a duke’s rank or territory: the native dukedom [15], and duchy [14], borrowed from Old French duche (this came partly from medieval Latin ducātus, ultimate source of English ducat [14], a former Italian coin).
=> conduct, ducat, duchess, duchy, duct, produce
jukebox: jukebox: [20] The jukebox – a coin-operated record-player – got its name from being played in jukes; and a juke (or juke-house, or jukejoint), in US Black English slang of the middle years of the 20th century, was a roadhouse providing food and drink, music for dancing, and usually the services of prostitutes. The word probably came from the adjective juke or joog, which meant ‘wicked’ or ‘disorderly’ in the Gullah language, a creolized English of South Carolina, Georgia and northern Florida; and that in turn may well have originated in some as yet unidentified West African language.
leukaemia: leukaemia: see light
lukewarm: lukewarm: [14] Lukewarm is a compound adjective based on the now obsolete Middle English luke ‘tepid’. It is not altogether clear where this came from, but it is generally assumed to be a derivative of the also now obsolete lew ‘(fairly) warm’, with perhaps a diminutive suffix. Lew goes back to an Old English hlēow ‘warm’, a variant of which became modern English lee ‘shelter’. It is related to Latin calor ‘heat’ (source of English calorie), calidus ‘hot’ (source of English caudle, cauldron, and chowder), and calēre ‘be hot’ (source of English nonchalant).
=> calorie, cauldron, chowder, lee, nonchalant
peruke: peruke: see wig
puke: puke: [16] The first record of puke in English is in Jaques’s famous ‘Seven Ages of Man’ speech in Shakespeare’s As You Like It 1600: ‘At first the infant, mewling and puking in the nurse’s arms’. Its origins are not known for certain, but it presumably goes back ultimately to some Germanic base imitative of the sound of regurgitation (perhaps the same as produced German spucken ‘spew, spit’).
archduke (n.): 1520s, from Middle French and Old French archeduc, from Merovingian Latin archiducem (c.750); see arch- + duke (n.). Formerly the title of the rulers of Austrasia, Lorraine, Brabant, and Austria; later the titular dignity of the sons of the Emperor of Austria. Related: Archducal; archduchy.
auk (n.): 1670s, from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse alka, probably originally imitative of a water-bird cry (compare Latin olor "swan," Greek elea "marsh bird").
bathukolpian (adj.): "big-breasted," 1825, from Greek bathykolpos, literally "deep-bosomed," from bathys "deep" (see benthos) + kolpos "breast" (see gulf (n.)).
Chanukah: also Chanukkah, 1891, from Hebrew hanukkah "consecration."
chukker (n.): also chucker, "period in a polo game," 1898, from Hindi chakkar, from Sanskrit cakra "circle, wheel" (see chakra).
duke (n.): early 12c., "sovereign prince," from Old French duc (12c.) and directly from Latin dux (genitive ducis) "leader, commander," in Late Latin "governor of a province," from ducere "to lead," from PIE *deuk- "to lead" (cognates: Old English togian "to pull, drag," Old High German ziohan "to pull," Old English togian "to draw, drag," Middle Welsh dygaf "I draw").

Applied in English to "nobleman of the highest rank" probably first mid-14c., ousting native earl. Also used to translate various European titles (such as Russian knyaz).
dukes (n.): "hands," 1874, now mainly in put up your dukes (phrase from 1859), probably not connected to duke (n.). Chapman ["Dictionary of American Slang"] suggests Romany dook "the hand as read in palmistry, one's fate;" but Partridge ["Slang To-day and Yesterday"] gives it a plausible, if elaborate, etymology as a contraction of Duke of Yorks, rhyming slang for forks, a Cockney term for "fingers," thus "hands."
dybbuk (n.): "malevolent spirit of a dead person possessing the body of a living one," 1903, from Jewish folklore, from Hebrew dibbuk, from dabak "to cling, cleave to."
eukaryotic (adj.): also eucaryotic, "characterized by well-defined cells (with nuclei and cell walls)," 1957, from French eucaryote (1925), from Greek eu "well, good" (see eu-) + karyon "nut, kernel" (see karyo-). Related: Eukaryote; eucaryote.
fluke (n.1): "flat end of an arm of an anchor," 1560s, perhaps from fluke (n.3) on resemblance of shape, or from Low German flügel "wing." Transferred meaning "whale's tail" (in plural, flukes) is by 1725, so called from resemblance.
fluke (n.2): "lucky stroke, chance hit," 1857, also flook, said to be originally a lucky shot at billiards, of uncertain origin. Century Dictionary connects it with fluke (n.1) in reference to the whale's use of flukes to get along rapidly (to go a-fluking or some variant of it, "go very fast," is in Dana, Smythe, and other sailors' books of the era). OED (2nd ed. print) allows only that it is "Possibly of Eng. dialectal origin."
fluke (n.3): "flatfish," Old English floc "flatfish," related to Old Norse floke "flatfish," flak "disk, floe," from Proto-Germanic *flok-, from PIE root *plak- (1) "to be flat" (see placenta). The parasite worm (1660s) so called from resemblance of shape.
fluky (adj.): "depending on chance rather than skill," 1867, from fluke (n.2) + -y (2).
Hanukkah: see Chanukah.
jouk (v.): see jook.
juke (n.): "roadhouse," 1935; see jukebox.
juke (v.): "to duck, dodge, feint," by 1971, variant of jook (q.v.). Related: Juked; juking.
jukebox (n.): 1937, jook organ, from jook joint "roadhouse" (1935), Black English slang, from juke, joog "wicked, disorderly," in Gullah (the creolized English of the coastlands of South Carolina, Georgia, and northern Florida), probably from Wolof and Bambara dzug "unsavory." Said to have originated in central Florida (see "A Note on Juke," Florida Review, vol. VII, no. 3, spring 1938). The spelling with a -u- might represent a deliberate attempt to put distance between the word and its origins.
For a long time the commercial juke trade resisted the name juke box and even tried to raise a big publicity fund to wage a national campaign against it, but "juke box" turned out to be the biggest advertising term that could ever have been invented for the commercial phonograph and spread to the ends of the world during the war as American soldiers went abroad but remembered the juke boxes back home. ["Billboard," Sept. 15, 1945]
kabuki (n.): 1896, from Japanese, popular theater (as opposed to shadow puppet-plays or lyrical Noh dramas), literally "art of song and dance," from ka "song" + bu "dance" + ki "art, skill" [Barnhart, OED]. Alternative etymology (in Webster's) is from nominal form of kabuku "to be divergent, to deviate," from early opinion of this form of drama. Since c. 1650, all parts are played by males.
leukaemia (n.): alternative spelling of leukemia.
leukemia (n.): 1851, on model of German Leukämie (1848), coined by R. Virchow from Greek leukos "clear, white" (cognate with Gothic liuhaþ, Old English leoht "light;" see light (n.)) + haima "blood" (see -emia).
leukemic (adj.): also leukaemic, 1852; see leukemia + -ic.
leukocyte (n.): also leucocyte, 1860, via French leucocyte, from Greek leuko-, comb. form of leukos "white" (see light (n.)) + -cyte (see cyto-).
luke (adj.): obsolete except in lukewarm (late 14c.), from Middle English leuk "tepid" (c. 1200), of unknown origin; perhaps from Middle Dutch or Old Frisian leuk "tepid, weak," or from Old English hleowe (adv.) "warm," all from Proto-Germanic *khlewaz (see lee).
Luke: masc. proper name, from Latin Lucas (Greek Loukas), contraction of Lucanus literally "of Lucania," district in Lower Italy, home of the Lucani, a branch of the Sabelline race.
lukewarm (adj.): late 14c., from luke + warm (adj.). Figurative sense of "lacking in zeal" (of persons or their actions) is from 1520s. Related: Lukewarmly; lukewarmness.
Mameluke: Egyptian dynasty 1254-1517, originally a military unit comprised of Caucasian slaves, from Middle French mameluk and directly from Arabic mamluk "purchased slave," literally "possessed," from past participle of malaka "he possessed" (compare Arabic malik, Hebrew melekh "king").
nuke (n.): short for nuclear weapon, 1959, U.S. military slang (see nuclear). The verb is attested from 1962; the slang sense of "to cook in a microwave oven" is from 1987. Related: Nuked; nuking.
peruke (n.): 1540s, "natural head of hair," from Middle French perruque (late 15c.), from Italian perrucca "head of hair, wig," of uncertain origin; supposed by some to be connected to Latin pilus "hair," "but the phonetic difficulties are considerable" [OED]. Meaning "artificial head of hair, periwig" is attested from 1560s.
puka: type of necklace made from small shell fragments (or plastic imitations), by 1974, from Hawaiian puka, said to mean literally "hole," in references to small shell fragments with naturally occurring holes through them, suitable for stringing, found on beaches.
puke (v.): 1600, probably of imitative origin (compare German spucken "to spit," Latin spuere); first recorded in the "Seven Ages of Man" speech in Shakespeare's "As You Like It." Related: Puked; puking.
puke (n.): 1737, "a medicine which excites vomiting;" 1966 as "material thrown up in vomiting," from puke (v.). U.S. colloquial meaning "native of Missouri" (1835) might be a different word, of unknown origin.
It is well known, that the inhabitants of the several western States are called by certain nicknames. Those of Michigan are called wolverines; of Indiana, hooshers; of Illinois, suckers; of Ohio, buckeyes; of Kentucky, corn-crackers; of Missouri pukes, &c. To call a person by his right nickname, is always taken in good part, and gives no offence; but nothing is more offensive than to mis-nickname--that is, were you to call a hoosher a wolverine, his blood would be up in a moment, and he would immediately show fight. [A.A. Parker, "Trip to the West and Texas," Concord, N.H., 1835]
Bartlett (1859) has "A nickname for a native of Missouri" as the second sense of puke (n.), the first being "A mean, contemptible fellow." The association of the state nickname with the "vomit" word is at least from 1858, and folk etymology talks of the old state literally vomiting forth immigrants to California.
rebuke (v.): early 14c., "to reprimand, reprove; chide, scold," from Anglo-French rebuker "to repel, beat back," Old French rebuchier, from re- "back" (see re-) + buschier "to strike, chop wood," from busche (French bÃÂ»che) "wood," from Proto-Germanic *busk- (see bush (n.)). Related: Rebuked; rebuking.
rebuke (n.): early 15c., "a reproof, reprimand," from rebuke (v.).
Sauk (1): midwestern U.S. Indian tribe, 1722, alternative writing of Sac.
Sauk (2): southern Coastal Salishan group of Native Americans, from a native Lushootseed name, probably folk-etymologized by influence of Sauk (1).
Seljuk: Turkish dynasty of 11c.-13c., c. 1600 (Selzuccian), from Turkish seljuq, name of reputed ancestor of the dynasty.
souk (n.): Arab bazaar, 1826, from French souk, from Arabic suq "marketplace."
Stuka (n.): German dive bomber of World War II, 1940, from German shortening of Sturzkampfflugzeug, from Sturz "fall" + Kampf "battle" + Flugzeug "aircraft."
Sukey: also Sukie, familiar form of fem. proper name Susan, Susanna. As "a tea kettle" from 1823.
Timbuktu: city on the southern edge of the Sahara desert, older spelling Timbuctoo, used allusively in English for "most distant place imaginable" from at least 1863. The name is from Songhai, literally "hollow," in reference to the depression in which it stands.
ukase (n.): "decree issued by a Russian emperor," 1729, from Russian ukaz "edict," back-formation from ukazat' "to show, decree, to order," from Old Church Slavonic ukazati, from u- "away," perhaps here an intensive prefix, from PIE *au- (2) "off, away" + kazati "to show, order," from Slavic *kaz- (related to the first element of Casimir), from PIE root *kwek- "to appear, show."
uke (n.): short for ukulele, by 1915.