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crate [crate 词源字典]: crate: [17] Crate is usually connected with Latin crātis ‘hurdle’, making it a relative of grate, griddle, and grill(e), and indeed an isolated example of crate in the early 16th century, which unequivocally means ‘hurdle’, certainly must come from that source. However, the main body of evidence for crate begins in the late 17th century, and its meaning, ‘large case or box’, is sufficiently far from ‘hurdle’ to raise doubts about its origins. Another possible source that has been suggested is Dutch krat ‘basket’.
=> grate, griddle, grill[crate etymology, crate origin, 英语词源]
crater: crater: [17] Greek kratér meant ‘bowl’, or more specifically ‘mixing bowl’: it was a derivative of the base *kerā, which also produced the verb kerannúnai ‘mix’. (Crater or krater is still used in English as a technical term for the bowl or jar used by the ancient Greeks for mixing wine and water in.) Borrowed into Latin as crātēr, it came to be used metaphorically for the bowl-shaped depression at the mouth of a volcano. Its acquisition by English is first recorded in Samuel Purchas’s Pilgrimage 1619.
scratch: scratch: [15] Early Middle English had two words for ‘scratch’ – scrat and cratch; and it seems likely that scratch represents a blend of them. Where exactly they came from is not clear, although cratch is no doubt related to German kratzen ‘scratch’, and both probably had their origins in imitation of the sound of scratching.
aristocrat (n.): 1789, from French aristocrate, a word of the Revolution, a back-formation from aristocratie (see aristocracy).
aristocratic (adj.): c. 1600, "pertaining to aristocracy," from French aristocratique, from Greek aristokratikos "belonging to the rule of the best," from aristokratia (see aristocracy). Meaning "grand, stylish" is from 1845.
autocrat (n.): 1803, from French autocrate, from Greek autokrates "ruling by oneself, absolute, autocratic," from autos- "self" (see auto-) + kratia "rule," from kratos "strength, power" (see -cracy). First used by Robert Southey, with reference to Napoleon. An earlier form was autocrator (1789), used in reference to the Russian Czars. Earliest form in English is the fem. autocratress (1762).
autocratic (adj.): 1823, from French autocratique, from autocrate, from Greek autokrates (see autocrat). Earlier autocratoric (1670s) was directly from Greek autokratorikos. Autocratical is attested from 1801.
bureaucrat (n.): 1839, from French bureaucrate (19c.); see bureaucracy.
bureaucratic (adj.): 1836, from French bureaucratique (19c.); see bureaucracy. Related: Bureaucratically. Bureaucratization is from 1916.
consecrate (v.): late 14c., from Latin consecratus, past participle of consecrare "to make holy, devote," from com- "together" (see com-) + sacrare (see sacred). Related: Consecrated; consecrating.
consecration (n.): late 14c., from Latin consecrationem (nominative consecratio), noun of action from consecrat-, past participle stem of consecrare (see consecrate).
crate (n.): "large box," 1680s, earlier "hurdle, grillwork" (late 14c.), from Latin cratis "wickerwork, lattice, kitchen-rack," or from Dutch krat "basket;" both perhaps from a common PIE root *kert- "to turn, entwine" (see hurdle (n.)).
crate (v.): "to put in a crate," 1871, from crate (n.). Related: Crated; crating.
crater (n.): 1610s, from Latin crater, from Greek krater "bowl for mixing wine with water," from kera- "to mix," from PIE root *kere- "to mix, confuse; cook" (see rare (adj.2)). Used in Latin for bowl-shaped mouth of a volcano. Applied to features of the Moon since 1831 (they originally were thought to be volcanic). As a verb, from 1830 in poetry, 1872 in science. Related: Cratered; cratering.
democrat (n.): 1790, "adherent of democracy," with reference to France, from French démocrate (18c., opposed to aristocrate), back-formation from démocratie (see democracy); revived in U.S. as a political party affiliation 1798, with a capital D. As a shortening of this, Demo (1793) is older than Dem (c. 1840).
democratic (adj.): c. 1600, from French démocratique, from Medieval Latin democraticus, from Greek demokratikos "of or for democracy; favoring democracy," from demokratia (see democracy). Earlier was democratian (1570s).

As a political faction name, from 1790 in reference to France. U.S. political usage (with a capital D) attested from c. 1800. The party originally was the Anti-Federal party, then the Democratic-Republican (Democratic for short). It formed among those opposed to extensive powers for the U.S. federal government. The name of the party was not formally shortened to Democratic until 1829. Democratic socialism is attested from 1849.
democratization (n.): 1865; see democratize + -ation.
democratize (v.): 1798 (transitive), 1840 (intransitive), from French démocratiser, from démocratie (see democracy). Greek demokratizein meant "to be on the democratic side."
desecrate (v.): 1670s, formed from de- "do the opposite of" (see de-) + stem of consecrate. Old French had dessacrer "to profane," and there is a similar formation in Italian; but Latin desecrare meant "to make holy," with de- in this case having a completive sense. Related: Desecrated; desecrating.
desecration (n.): 1717, noun of action from desecrate (v.).
Dixiecrat (n.): in U.S. politics, 1948, from Dixie + ending from Democrat.
educrat (n.): 1968, usually pejorative; first element from education, second from bureaucrat. Said to have been coined by Claude R. Kirk Jr. (1926-2011), governor of Florida 1967-71.
While political leaders and corporate CEOs, focusing as usual on the quarterly return, call for "workers for the new economy," their educational reforms are producing just that: students with a grab-bag of minor skills and competencies and minds that are sadly uneventful, incapable of genuine intellectual achievement and lacking any sense of continuity with the historical and cultural traditions of our society. Their world is small, bleak, and limited; their world will become ours. [David Solway, "The Turtle Hypodermic of Sickenpods," Quebec, 2000]
execrate (v.): 1560s, from Latin execratus/exsecratus, past participle of execrari/exsecrari "to curse, utter a curse, take a solemn oath with imprecations; hate, abhor," from ex- (see ex-) + sacrare "to devote to" (see sacred). Hence, "to devote off or away; to curse." Related: Execrated; execrating.
execration (n.): late 14c., "cursing, act of laying under a curse," from Latin execrationem (nominative execratio) "malediction, curse," noun of action from past participle stem of execrari "to hate, curse," from ex- "out" (see ex-) + sacrare "to devote to holiness or to destruction, consecrate," from sacer "sacred" (see sacred). From 1560s as "an uttered curse."
Hippocratic (adj.): 1610s, from Medieval Latin Hippocraticus, pertaining to Hippocrates (c. 460-377 B.C.E.), the famous ancient Greek physician. Hippocratic Oath is attested from 1747; it is in the spirit of Hippocrates but was not written by him. The name is literally "one superior in horses."
idiosyncratic (n.): 1779, from idiosyncrasy + -ic. Earlier in same sense was idiosyncratical (1640s). Related: Idiosyncratically.
lucrative (adj.): early 15c., from Old French lucratif "profitable" and directly from Latin lucrativus "gainful, profitable," from lucratus, past participle of lucrari "to gain," from lucrum "gain, profit" (see lucre). Related: Lucratively; lucrativeness.
obsecration (n.): late 14c., from Latin obsecrationem (nominative obsecratio) "a beseeching, imploring, supplication, entreaty," noun of action from past participle stem of obsecrare "to beseech, entreat" (on religious grounds), from ob- (see ob-) + sacrare "to make or declare sacred" (see sacred).
plutocrat (n.): "person who rules by his wealth," 1838, back-formation from plutocracy. Related: Plutocratic (1843); plutocratical (1833).
Republicrat (n.): in U.S. political jargon, usually meaning "moderate; independent," 1881, from elements of the names of the two dominant parties; see from republican (n.) and democrat (n.).
scratch (v.): c. 1400, probably a fusion of Middle English scratten and crachen, both meaning "to scratch," both of uncertain origin. Related: Scratched; scratching. Billiards sense of "to hit the cue ball into a pocket" is first recorded 1909 (also, originally, itch), though earlier it meant "a lucky shot" (1850). Meaning "to withdraw (a horse) from a race" is 1865, from notion of scratching name off list of competitors; used in a non-sporting sense of "cancel a plan, etc." from 1680s. To scratch the surface "make only slight progress in penetrating or understanding" is from 1882. To scratch (one's) head as a gesture of perplexity is recorded from 1712.
scratch (n.): 1580s, "slight skin tear produced by a sharp thing," from scratch (v.). Meaning "mark or slight furrow in metal, etc." is from 1660s. American English slang sense of "money" is from 1914, of uncertain signification. Many figurative senses (such as up to scratch, originally "ready to meet one's opponent") are from sporting use for "line or mark drawn as a starting place," attested from 1778 (but the earliest use is figurative); meaning "nothing" (as in from scratch) is 1918, generalized from specific 19c. sporting sense of "starting point of a competitor who receives no odds in a handicap match." Sense in billiards is from 1850. Scratch-pad is attested from 1883.
Scratch (n.2): in Old Scratch "the Devil," 1740, from earlier Scrat, from Old Norse skratte "goblin, wizard," a word which was used in late Old English to gloss "hermaphrodite;" probably originally "monster" (compare Old High German scraz, scrato "satyr, wood demon," German Schratt, Old High German screz "a goblin, imp, dwarf;" borrowed from Germanic into Slavic, as in Polish skrzat "a goblin").
scratchy (adj.): 1710, "affected with 'the scratch,'" a skin disease, from scratch (n.1) + -y (2). Meaning "composed of scratches" is from 1827; that of "grating" is from 1866. Of sounds (especially in reproduction) from 1889. Related: Scratchiness.
Socratic (adj.): 1630s (Socratical is from 1580s), "of or pertaining to Greek philosopher Socrates" (469-399 B.C.E.), especially in reference to his method of eliciting truth by question and answer, from Latin Socraticus, from Greek Sokratikos "pertaining to Socrates or his school." His name is Greek Sokrates, literally "having safe might."
technocrat (n.): 1932, back-formation from technocracy. Related: Technocratic.
theocrat (n.): 1827, "a ruler in the name of God," from Greek theos "god" (see theo-) + -crat, from aristocrat, etc. From 1843 as "one who favors a system of theocracy." Theocratist was the name of a publication begun in 1828 "to maintain the essential relation which subsists between religion and politics," and might be used in the sense "one who emphasizes divine authority over reason and individual freedom and who explains social order as a revelation from God."
Hippocratic oath: "An oath stating the obligations and proper conduct of doctors, formerly taken by those beginning medical practice. Parts of the oath are still used in some medical schools", Mid 18th century: Hippocratic from medieval Latin Hippocraticus 'relating to Hippocrates' (see Hippocrates).
-crat: "Denoting a member or supporter of a particular form of government or rule", From French -crate, from adjectives ending in -cratique (see -cratic).
-cratic: "Relating to a particular kind of government or rule", From French -cratique, from -cratie (see -cracy).
obsecrate: "To entreat (a person) earnestly; to implore, beseech, supplicate; to beg (a thing)", Late 16th cent. From classical Latin obsecrāt-, past participial stem of obsecrāre to beseech, entreat, implore from ob- + sacrāre to make sacred, hence lit. ‘to beseech in the name or for the sake of something sacred’.
bureaucratism: "A system of government or administration characterized by bureaucracy; advocacy or practice of such a system", Mid 19th cent.; earliest use found in Augustus Granville (1783–1872), physician and Italian patriot. From bureaucrat + -ism.
democratism: "Support for or advocacy of democracy as a political system or ideology", Late 18th cent.; earliest use found in Edmund Burke (?1730–1797), politician and author. From democrat + -ism.
idiocratic: "= idiosyncratic", Late 18th cent..
autocratrix: "= autocratress; a female autocrat", Mid 18th cent.; earliest use found in Samuel Boyse (d. 1749), poet. From post-classical Latin autocratrix, feminine form corresponding to autocrator, after Russian samoderžica.
psephocrat: "An adherent or advocate of government by elected representatives", 1960s; earliest use found in The New Statesman. From psepho- + -crat, after psephocracy.