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confound [confound 词源字典]: confound: [13] Latin confundere literally meant ‘pour together’; it was a compound verb formed from the prefix com- ‘together’ and fundere ‘pour’ (source of English found ‘melt’ and fuse). This sense was later extended figuratively to ‘mix up, fail to distinguish’, a meaning which passed via Old French confondre into English. Meanwhile, the Latin verb’s past participle, confusus, came to be used as an adjective; in Old French this became confus, which English acquired in the 14th century as confuse.

This was soon assimilated to the normal pattern of English past participial adjectives as confused, from which the new verb confuse, was coined.
=> confuse, found, fuse[confound etymology, confound origin, 英语词源]
found: found: Aside from the past form of find, there are two distinct words found in English. Found ‘establish’ [13] comes via Old French fonder from Latin fundāre, a derivative of fundus ‘bottom’ (which, like English bottom, goes back ultimately to Indo-European *bhud- or *bhund-). The Latin words also gave English founder, fund and fundamental. Found ‘melt’ [14], which is now mainly represented by the derived foundry [17], comes via Old French fondre from Latin fundere ‘pour, melt’.

This goes back to Indo-European *ghud-, *gheud-, from which English also gets ingot. Amongst related forms in English are (from French fondre) font, fondant, and fondu, (from Latin fundere) funnel, (from the Latin past participle fūsus) fuse and fusion, and (from *fud-, the immediate root of Latin fundere) futile [16], which etymologically means ‘that pours away’, hence ‘useless’.
=> bottom, founder, fund, fundamental; fondant, funnel, fuse, fusion, futile, ingot
funnel: funnel: [15] Etymologically, a funnel is something used for ‘pouring in’. The word comes via Provençal fonilh from Latin infundibulum ‘funnel’. This was a derivative of infundere ‘pour in’, a compound verb formed from in- ‘in’ and fundere ‘pour’ (source of English found ‘melt’, foundry, and fuse).
=> found, foundry, fuse
fuse: fuse: English has two distinct words fuse. The noun, ‘igniting device’ [17], comes via Italian fuso from Latin fūsus ‘spindle’, a word of unknown origin. Its modern application comes from the fact that the long thin shape of the original gunpowder-filled tubes used for setting off bombs reminded people of spindles. The Vulgar Latin diminutive form of fūsus, *fūsellus, gave French fuseau ‘spindle’, which is the ultimate source of English fuselage [20] (etymologically, ‘something shaped like a spindle’).

The verb fuse ‘melt’ [17] probably comes from fūsus, the past participle of Latin fundere ‘pour, melt’ (source of English found, foundry, and fusion [16]).
=> fuselage; found, foundry, fusion
refuse: refuse: [14] Refuse comes via Old French refuser from an unrecorded Vulgar Latin *refūsāre. It is not altogether clear where this came from, for it has no direct Latin antecedent. One theory is that it represents a blend of Latin recūsāre ‘refuse’ (source of English recusant [16]), a compound verb based on causa ‘cause’, and refūtāre ‘rebut’ (source of English refute [16]), a compound verb based on the element *fūt-, found also in English confute [16].

But another long-established school of thought derives it from refūsus, the past participle of Latin refundere ‘pour back’ (source of English refund [14]) – the underlying notion being of something ‘poured back’ or ‘rejected’. The noun refuse ‘rubbish’ [15] probably comes from Old French refus ‘refusal’, a derivative of refuser ‘refuse’.
confound (v.): c. 1300, "make uneasy, abash," from Anglo-French confoundre, Old French confondre (12c.) "crush, ruin, disgrace, throw into disorder," from Latin confundere "to confuse," literally "to pour together, mix, mingle," from com- "together" (see com-) + fundere "to pour" (see found (v.2)).

The figurative sense of "confuse, fail to distinguish, mix up" emerged in Latin, passed into French and thence into Middle English, where it is mostly found in Scripture; the sense of "destroy utterly" is recorded in English from c. 1300. Meaning "perplex" is late 14c. The Latin past participle confusus, meanwhile, became confused (q.v.).
confused (adj.): early 14c., "discomfited, routed, defeated" (of groups), serving at first as an alternative past participle of confound, as Latin confusus was the past participle of confundere "to pour together, mix, mingle; to join together;" hence, figuratively, "to throw into disorder; to trouble, disturb, upset." The Latin past participle also was used as an adjective, with reference to mental states, "troubled, embarrassed," and this passed into Old French as confus "dejected, downcast, undone, defeated, discomfited in mind or feeling," which passed to Middle English as confus (14c.; for example Chaucer's "I am so confus, that I may not seye"), which then was assimilated to the English past participle pattern by addition of -ed. Of individuals, "discomfited in mind, perplexed," from mid-14c.; of ideas, speech, thought, etc., from 1610s. By mid-16c., the word seems to have been felt as a pure adj., and it evolved a back-formed verb in confuse. Few English etymologies are more confused.
confusion (n.): late 13c., "overthrow, ruin," from Old French confusion (11c.) "disorder, confusion, shame," from Latin confusionem (nominative confusio) "a mingling, mixing, blending; confusion, disorder," noun of action from confundere "to pour together," also "to confuse" (see confound). Sense of "a putting to shame" (a sort of mental "overthrow") is late 14c. in English, while that of "mental perplexity" is from 1590s.
diffuse (v.): 1520s (transitive), 1650s (intransitive), from Latin diffusus, past participle of diffundere "to pour out or away" (see diffusion). Related: Diffused; diffusing.
diffusion (n.): late 14c., from Latin diffusionem (nominative diffusio) "a pouring forth," noun of action from past participle stem of diffundere "scatter, pour out," from dis- "apart, in every direction" (see dis-) + fundere "pour" (see found (v.2)).
effuse (v.): "to pour out, spill," late 14c., from Middle French effuser or directly from Latin effusus "poured out," past participle of effundere "to pour forth" (see effusion). Related: Effused; effusing. Not to be confused with eff youse.
effusion (n.): c. 1400, "a pouring out," from Middle French effusion (14c.) and directly from Latin effusionem (nominative effusio) "a pouring forth," noun of action from past participle stem of effundere "pour forth, spread abroad; to lavish, squander, waste," from ex- "out" (see ex-) + fundere "pour" (see found (v.2)). Figuratively, of speech, emotion, etc., from 1650s.
effusive (adj.): "flowing profusely" (especially of words), 1660s, from Latin effus-, stem of effundere "to pour forth, spread abroad" (see effusion) + -ive. Hence, "with extravagant display of feelings" (1863). Related: Effusively.
found (v.2): "to cast metal," late 14c., originally "to mix, mingle," from Old French fondre "pour out, melt, smelt" (12c.), from Latin fundere (past participle fusus) "melt, cast, pour out," from PIE root *gheu- "to pour" (cognates: Greek khein "to pour," khoane "funnel," khymos "juice;" Gothic giutan, German gießen, Old English geotan "to pour;" Old English guttas (plural) "bowels, entrails;" Old Norse geysa "to gush;" German Gosse "gutter, drain"). Meaning "to cast metal" is from 1560s. Related: Founded; founding.
funnel (n.): c. 1400, funell, fonel, from Middle French fonel, apparently a word from a southern French dialect, such as Provençal enfounilh (Weekley calls it "a word from the Southern wine trade"), from Late Latin fundibulum, shortened from Latin infundibulum "a funnel or hopper in a mill," from infundere "pour in," from in- "in" + fundere "pour" (see found (v.2)).
fusible (adj.): late 14c., from Medieval Latin fusibilis, from Latin fus-, stem of fundere "to pour, melt" (see found (v.2)). Related: Fusibility.
fusion (n.): 1550s, "act of melting by heat," from Middle French fusion or directly from Latin fusionem (nominative fusio) "an outpouring, effusion," noun of action from fusus, past participle of fundere "to pour, melt" (see found (v.2)). Meaning "union or blending of different things; state of being united or blended" is by 1776; used especially in 19c, of politics, in early 20c. of psychology, atoms, and jazz (in nuclear physics sense, first recorded 1947; in musical sense, by 1972).
futile (adj.): "incapable of producing result," 1550s, from Middle French futile or directly from Latin futilis, futtilis "vain, worthless, futile," a figurative use, literally "pouring out easily, easily emptied" (the Latin adjective used as a noun meant "a water vessel broad above and pointed below"), hence "leaky, unreliable," from fundere "to pour, melt," from PIE root *gheu- "to pour" (see found (v.2)). Related: Futilely.
infundibulum (n.): 1799 in the anatomical sense, from Latin infundibulum, literally "a funnel," from infundere "to pour into" (see infuse) + -bulum, suffix forming names of instruments. In some cases a loan-translation into Latin of Greek khoane "funnel." Related: Infundibular.
infuse (v.): early 15c., "to pour in, introduce, soak," from Latin infusus, past participle of infundere "to pour into," from in- "in" (see in- (2)) + fundere "pour, spread" (see found (v.2)). Figurative sense of "instill, inspire" first recorded 1520s (infusion in this sense dates from mid-15c.). Related: Infused; infusing.
infusion (n.): c. 1400, from Old French infusion (13c.) or directly from Latin infusionem (nominative infusio), noun of action from past participle stem of infundere (see infuse).
perfuse (v.): 1520s, from Latin perfusus, past participle of perfundere "to pour over, besprinkle," from per- + fundere (see found (v.2)).
perfusion (n.): 1570s, from Middle French perfusion and directly from Latin perfusionem (nominative perfusio) "a pouring over," noun of action from past participle stem of perfundere "pour out," from per- "throughout" (see per) + fundere "pour" (see found (v.2)).
profuse (adj.): early 15c., "lavish, extravagant," from Latin profusus "spread out, lavish, extravagant," literally "poured forth," noun use of past participle of profundere "pour forth," from pro- "forth" (see pro-) + fundere "to pour" (see found (v.2)). Meaning "bountiful" is from c. 1600. Related: Profusely; profuseness.
profusion (n.): 1540s, from Middle French profusion (16c.) and directly from Late Latin profusionem (nominative profusio) "a pouring out," noun of action from past participle stem of profundere (see profuse).
refund (v.): "to give back, restore," early 15c. (earlier "to pour back," late 14c.), from Old French refunder "restore" and directly from Latin refundere "give back, restore, return," literally "pour back, flow back," from re- "back" (see re-) + fundere "to pour" (see found (v.2)). Specifically of money from 1550s. Related: Refunded; refunding.
refuse (v.): c. 1300, from Old French refuser "reject, disregard, avoid" (12c.), from Vulgar Latin *refusare, frequentative form from past participle stem of Latin refundere "pour back, give back" (see refund (v.)). Related: Refused; refusing.
suffuse (v.): 1580s, from Latin suffusus, past participle of suffundere "overspread, pour beneath, pour upon" (see suffusion). Related: Suffused; suffusing.
suffusion (n.): late 14c., from Latin suffusionem (nominative suffusio) "a pouring over," noun of action from past participle stem of suffundere "pour upon, overspread, suffuse," from sub "under" (see sub-) + fundere "to pour" (see found (v.2)).
transfuse (v.): "to transfer by pouring," early 15c., from Latin transfusus, past participle of transfundere "pour from one container to another," from trans- "across" (see trans-) + fundere "to pour" (see found (v.2)). Related: Transfused; transfusing.
transfusion (n.): 1570s, "action of pouring liquid from one vessel to another," from Middle French transfusion and directly from Latin transfusionem (nominative transfusio) "a decanting, intermingling," noun of action from past participle stem of transfundere "pour from one container to another" (see transfuse). Sense of "transfering of blood from one individual to another" first recorded 1640s.
interfuse: "Join or mix (two or more things) together", Late 16th century: from Latin interfus- 'poured among', from the verb interfundere, from inter- 'between' + fundere 'pour'.
circumfuse: "Pour (a liquid) so as to cause it to surround something", Late 16th century: from Latin circumfus- 'poured around', from the verb circumfundere, from circum 'around' + fundere 'pour'.
affuse: "(Chiefly in pass.). Christian Church . To baptize (a person) by affusion", Mid 17th cent.; earliest use found in Walter Charleton (1620–1707), physician and natural philosopher. From classical Latin affūs-, past participial stem of affundere to pour on from af-, variant of ad- + fundere.