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conjecture [conjecture 词源字典]: conjecture: [14] A conjecture is, etymologically speaking, simply something ‘thrown together’. The word comes, perhaps via Old French, from Latin conjectūra ‘conclusion, interpretation’, a noun derived from the past participle of conicere ‘throw together’. This was a compound verb formed from the prefix com- ‘together’ and jacere ‘throw’ (source of English jet, jettison, and jetty). The notion behind the word’s semantic development is that facts are ‘thrown together’ in the mind and (provisional) conclusions drawn.
=> jet, jettison, jetty[conjecture etymology, conjecture origin, 英语词源]
object: object: Object the noun [14] and object the verb [15] have diverged considerably over the centuries, but they come from the same ultimate source: Latin obicere. This was a compound verb formed from the prefix ob- ‘towards’ and jacere ‘throw’ (source of English ejaculate, inject, subject, etc), and hence originally meant literally ‘throw towards’, but by classical times it had been extended metaphorically to ‘place a hindrance in the way of, oppose’.

This was the strand of the word’s meaning taken up by English in the verb object, and also originally in the noun (‘how Christ answered to objects [that is, objections] of false Jews’, John Wycliffe 1380). The standard present-day meaning of the noun, however, comes from a post-classical meaning of Latin objectum (the noun formed from the past participle of obicere): ‘something put in someone’s way so that it can be seen’, hence a ‘visible object’.
=> ejaculate, inject, jet, subject
subject: subject: [14] To subject something is etymologically to ‘throw it under’. The verb comes via Old French subjecter from Latin sujectāre, which was formed from subjectus, the past participle of Latin subicere ‘bring down’. This in turn was a compound verb formed from the prefix sub- ‘under’ and jacere ‘throw’ (source also of English abject [15], adjacent, adjective, conjecture, dejected [15], inject [17], jet, jettison, jetty, reject [15], etc).

The noun subject, which also came from Latin subjectus, originally denoted a person ‘subjected’ to the control of another (as in ‘the Queen’s subjects’). The most salient modern sense, ‘topic’, comes ultimately from the notion of ‘that which is operated on by something else’.
=> abject, adjacent, adjective, conjecture, dejected, inject, jet, jettison, jetty, object, reject
abject (adj.): early 15c., "cast off, rejected," from Latin abiectus, past participle of abicere "to throw away, cast off; degrade, humble, lower," from ab- "away, off" (see ab-) + iacere "to throw" (past participle iactus; see jet (v.)). Figurative sense of "downcast, brought low" first attested 1510s. Related: Abjectly; abjectness.
abjection (n.): early 15c., from Old French abjection (14c.), from Latin abjectionem (nominative abjectio) "dejection, despondency," literally "a throwing away," noun of action from past participle stem of abicere (see abject).
adjectival (adj.): 1797, from adjective + -al (1).
adjective: late 14c., as an adjective, "adjectival," in noun adjective, from Old French adjectif (14c.), from Latin adjectivum "that is added to (the noun)," neuter of adjectivus "added," from past participle of adicere "to throw or place (a thing) near," from ad- "to" (see ad-) + comb. form of iacere "to throw" (see jet (v.)). Also as a noun from late 14c. In 19c. Britain, the word itself often was a euphemism for the taboo adjective bloody.
They ... slept until it was cool enough to go out with their 'Towny,' whose vocabulary contained less than six hundred words, and the Adjective. [Kipling, "Soldiers Three," 1888]
conject (v.): late 14c., obsolete verb replaced by conjecture (v.). Also in form congette.
conjectural (adj.): 1550s, from Latin conjecturalis "belonging to conjecture," from conjectura (see conjecture). Related: Conjecturally (mid-15c.).
conjecture (n.): late 14c., "interpretation of signs and omens," from Old French conjecture "surmise, guess," or directly from Latin coniectura "conclusion, interpretation, guess, inference," literally "a casting together (of facts, etc.)," from coniectus, past participle of conicere "to throw together," from com- "together" (see com-) + iacere "to throw" (see jet (v.)). Sense of "forming of opinion without proof" is 1530s.
conjecture (v.): early 15c., from conjecture (n.). In Middle English also with a parallel conjecte (n.), conjecten (v.). Related: Conjectured; conjecturing.
conscientious objector (n.): 1896, in reference to those with religious scruples about mandatory vaccination. Military sense predominated from World War I.
After a chequered career full of startling episodes and reversals, the Vaccination Bill becomes virtually the Vaccination Act. In Parliament the hottest of the contest centred round the conscientious objector. [The Lancet, Aug. 13, 1898]
deject (v.): early 15c., "to throw or cast down," from Old French dejeter (12c.), from Latin deiectus "a throwing down, felling, fall," past participle of deicere "to cast down, destroy; drive out; kill, slay, defeat," from de- "down" + -icere, comb. form of iacere "to throw" (see jet (v.)). Originally literal; the sense of "depress in spirit" is c. 1500.
dejected (adj.): "depressed at heart," 1580s, past participle adjective from deject. Related: Dejectedly (1610s).
dejection (n.): early 15c., from Old French dejection "abjection, depravity; casting down" and directly from Latin dejectionem (nominative dejectio), noun of action from past participle stem of dejicere "to cast down" (see deject).
disjecta membra (n.): "scattered remains" (especially literary), from Horace's Latin phrase disjecti membra poetae "limbs of a dismembered poet."
eject (v.): mid-15c., from Latin eiectus "thrown out," past participle of eicere "throw out, cast out, thrust out; drive into exile, expel, drive away," from ex- "out" (see ex-) + -icere, comb. form of iacere "to throw" (see jet (v.)). Related: Ejected; ejecting. Ejecta "matter thrown out by a volcano" is from 1851.
ejection (n.): 1560s, from Middle French ejection and directly from Latin eiectionem (nominative eiectio) "a casting out, banishment, exile," noun of action from past participle stem of eicere (see eject). The jet pilot's ejection seat (also ejector seat) is from 1945.
inject (v.): c. 1600, from Latin iniectus "a casting on, throwing over," past participle of inicere "to throw in or on," from in- "in" (see in- (2)) + -icere, comb. form of iacere "to throw" (see jet (v.)). Related: Injectable; injected; injecting.
injection (n.): "forcing a fluid into a body" (with a syringe, etc.), early 15c., from Middle French iniection (14c.) or directly from Latin iniectionem (nominative iniectio), noun of action from past participle stem of inicere (see inject).
interject (v.): 1570s, back-formation from interjection or else from Latin interiectus, past participle of intericere "to throw between, insert, interject" (see interjection). Related: Interjected; interjecting.
interjection (n.): early 15c., from Middle French interjection (Old French interjeccion, 13c.), from Latin interiectionem (nominative interiectio) "a throwing or placing between," noun of action from past participle stem of intericere, from inter- "between" (see inter-) + -icere, comb. form of iacere "to throw" (see jet (v.)).
intersubjective (adj.): 1899, from inter- + subjective.
introject (v.): 1925, probably a back-formation from introjection. Related: Introjected; introjecting.
introjection (n.): 1866, from intro- + stem abstracted from projection. In philosophical and psychoanalytical use, from German introjektion.
object (n.): late 14c., "tangible thing, something perceived or presented to the senses," from Medieval Latin objectum "thing put before" (the mind or sight), noun use of neuter of Latin obiectus "lying before, opposite" (as a noun in classical Latin, "charges, accusations"), past participle of obicere "to present, oppose, cast in the way of," from ob "against" (see ob-) + iacere "to throw" (see jet (v.)). Sense of "thing aimed at" is late 14c. No object "not a thing regarded as important" is from 1782. As an adjective, "presented to the senses," from late 14c. Object lesson "instruction conveyed by examination of a material object" is from 1831.
object (v.): c. 1400, "to bring forward in opposition," from Old French objecter and directly from Latin obiectus, past participle of obiectare "to cite as grounds for disapproval, set against, oppose," literally "to put or throw before or against," frequentative of obicere (see object (n.)). Related: Objected; objecting.
objectification (n.): 1860, noun of action from objectify.
objectify (v.): 1838, from Medieval Latin objectum (see object (n.)) + -fy. Related: Objectified; objectifying.
objection (n.): late 14c., from Old French objeccion "reply, retort" (12c.) and directly from Late Latin obiectionem (nominative obiectio), "a throwing or putting before," noun of action from past participle stem of Latin obicere "to oppose" (see object (n.)).
objectionable (adj.): 1781, from objection + -able. Related: Objectionably.
objective (adj.): 1610s, originally in the philosophical sense of "considered in relation to its object" (opposite of subjective), formed on pattern of Medieval Latin objectivus, from objectum "object" (see object (n.)) + -ive. Meaning "impersonal, unbiased" is first found 1855, influenced by German objektiv. Related: Objectively.
objective (n.): 1738, "something objective to the mind," from objective (adj.). Meaning "goal, aim" (1881) is from military term objective point (1852), reflecting a sense evolution in French.
objectivism (n.): 1854 in philosophical sense, "the doctrine that knowledge is based on objective reality," from objective (adj.) + -ism.
objectivity (n.): 1803, from Medieval Latin objectivus, from Latin objectus (see object (n.)) + -ity.
project (n.): c. 1400, "a plan, draft, scheme," from Latin proiectum "something thrown forth," noun use of neuter of proiectus, past participle of proicere "stretch out, throw forth," from pro- "forward" (see pro-) + combining form of iacere (past participle iactus) "to throw" (see jet (v.)).

Meaning "scheme, proposal, mental plan" is from c. 1600. Meaning "group of low-rent apartment buildings" first recorded 1935, American English, short for housing project (1932). Related: Projects. Project manager attested from 1913.
project (v.): late 15c., "to plan," from Latin proiectus, past participle of proicere (see project (n.)). Sense of "to stick out" is from 1718. Meaning "to cast an image on a screen" is recorded from 1865. Psychoanalytical sense, "attribute to another (unconsciously)" is from 1895 (implied in a use of projective). Meaning "convey to others by one's manner" is recorded by 1955. Related: Projected; projecting.
projected (adj.): "planned, put forth as a project," 1706, past participle adjective from project (v.).
projectile (n.): 1660s, from Modern Latin projectilis, from Latin proiectus, past participle of proicere (see project (n.)). Projectile vomiting attested from 1985.
projection (n.): late 15c., in alchemy, "transmutation by casting a powder on molten metal; 1550s in the cartographical sense "drawing of a map or chart according to scale," from Middle French projection, from Latin proiectionem (nominative proiectio), from past participle stem of proicere (see project (n.)). From 1590s as "action of projecting."
projectionist (n.): 1916, from projection + -ist.
projector (n.): 1590s, "one who forms a project," agent noun in Latin form from project (v.). In the optical, camera sense it is from 1884.
reject (v.): early 15c., from Old French rejecter and directly from Latin reiectus, past participle of reiectare "throw away, cast away, vomit," frequentative of reicere "to throw back," from re- "back" (see re-) + -icere, comb. form of iacere "to throw" (see jet (v.)). Related: Rejected; rejecting.
reject (n.): 1550s, "a castaway" (rare), from reject (v.). Modern use probably a re-formation of the same word: "thing cast aside as unsatisfactory" (1893); "person considered low-quality and worthless" (1925, from use in militaries).
rejection (n.): 1550s, from French réjection (16c.) or directly from Latin reiectionem (nominative reiectio) "act of throwing back," noun of action from past participle stem of reicere (see reject). In 19c., it also could mean "excrement." Medical transplant sense is from 1954. In the psychological sense, relating to parenting, from 1931.
subject (n.): early 14c., "person under control or dominion of another," specifically a government or ruler, from Old French sogit, suget, subget "a subject person or thing" (12c., Modern French sujet), from noun use of Latin subiectus "lying under, below, near bordering on," figuratively "subjected, subdued," past participle of subicere, subiicere "to place under, throw under, bind under; to make subject, subordinate," from sub "under" (see sub-) + combining form of iacere "to throw" (see jet (v.)). In 14c., sugges, sogetis, subgit, sugette; form re-Latinized in English 16c.

Meaning "person or thing regarded as recipient of action, one that may be acted upon" is recorded from 1590s. Grammatical sense is recorded from 1630s, from Latin subjectum "grammatical subject," noun use of the neuter of the Latin past participle. Likewise some restricted uses in logic and philosophy are borrowed directly from Latin subjectum as "foundation or subject of a proposition," a loan-translation of Aristotle's to hypokeimenon. Meaning "subject matter of an art or science" is attested from 1540s, probably short for subject matter (late 14c.), which is from Medieval Latin subjecta materia, a loan translation of Greek hypokeimene hyle (Aristotle), literally "that which lies beneath."
subject (v.): late 14c., "to make (a person or nation) subject to another by force," also "to render submissive or dependent," from Medieval Latin subiectare "place beneath," frequentative of Latin subicere "to make subject, subordinate" (see subject (n.)). Meaning "to lay open or expose to (some force or occurrence)" is recorded from early 15c. (implied in subjected). Related: Subjecting.
subject (adj.): early 14c., from Old French suget, subject (Modern French sujet), from Latin subiectus (see subject (n.)).
subjectification (n.): 1880, noun of action from subjectify.
subjectify (v.): 1858, from subject (n.) + -ify. Related: Subjectified; subjectifying.