英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

drawback (n.)[drawback 词源字典]: "hindrance, disadvantage,"1720, from draw (v.) + back (adv.). The notion is of something that "holds back" success or activity.[drawback etymology, drawback origin, 英语词源]
drawbridge (n.): 14c., from draw (v.) + bridge (n.).
drawdown (n.): of troops, by 1991, in reference to the end of the Cold War; from draw (v.) + down (adv.). Earlier of wells (c. 1900).
drawer (n.): mid-14c., agent noun from draw (v.). Attested from 1570s in sense of a box that can be "drawn" out of a cabinet.
drawers (n.): 1560s, garments that are pulled (or "drawn") on; see draw (v.).
drawing (n.): c. 1300, "a pulling," in various senses, verbal noun from draw (v.). The "picture-making" sense is from 1520s; of the picture itself from 1660s. Drawing board is from 1725; used in figurative expression from mid-20c.
drawing room: 1640s, short for withdrawing room (see withdraw), into which ladies would go after dinner.
drawl (v.): 1590s, perhaps from Middle Dutch dralen, East Frisian draulen "to linger, delay," apparently an intensive of the root of draw (v.). Or else a native formation along the same lines. Related: Drawled; drawling. As a noun from 1760.
drawn: c. 1200, from Old English dragen, past participle of draw (v.).
dray (n.): mid-14c., Middle English noun derivative of Old English dragan "to draw," originally meaning a cart without wheels that has to be "dragged" (compare Old Norse draga "timber dragged behind a horse"); see drag (v.).
drayage (n.): 1791, "conveyance by dray," from dray + -age. Later also in reference to the fee for such.
drayman (n.): 1580s, from dray + man (n.).
dread (v.): late 12c., a shortening of Old English adrædan, contraction of ondrædan "counsel or advise against," also "to dread, fear, be afraid," from on- "against" + rædan "to advise" (see read (v.)). Cognate of Old Saxon andradon, Old High German intraten. Related: Dreaded; dreading. As a noun from 12c.
dreadful (adj.): early 13c., "full of dread," from dread (n.) + -ful. Meaning "causing dread" is from mid-13c.; weakened sense of "very bad" is from c. 1700. Related: Dreadfully.
dreadlocks (n.): 1960, from dread + locks (see lock (n.2)). The style supposedly based on that of East African warriors. So called from the dread they presumably aroused in beholders, but Rastafarian dread (1974) also has a sense of "fear of the Lord," expressed in part as alienation from contemporary society.
Dreadnought (n.): "battleship," literally "fearing nothing," from dread (v.) + nought (n.). Mentioned as the name of a ship in the Royal Navy c. 1596, but modern sense is from the name of the first of a new class of British battleships, based on the "all big-gun" principle (armed with 10 big guns rather than 4 large guns and a battery of smaller ones), launched Feb. 18, 1906.
dreads (n.): see dreadlocks.
dream (n.): mid-13c. in the sense "sequence of sensations passing through a sleeping person's mind" (also as a verb), probably related to Old Norse draumr, Danish drøm, Swedish dröm, Old Saxon drom "merriment, noise," Old Frisian dram "dream," Dutch droom, Old High German troum, German traum "dream," perhaps from Proto-Germanic *draugmas "deception, illusion, phantasm" (cognates: Old Saxon bidriogan, Old High German triogan, German trügen "to deceive, delude," Old Norse draugr "ghost, apparition"). Possible cognates outside Germanic are Sanskrit druh- "seek to harm, injure," Avestan druz- "lie, deceive."

But Old English dream meant only "joy, mirth, noisy merriment," also "music." And much study has failed to prove that Old English dream is the root of the modern word for "sleeping vision," despite being identical in spelling. Either the meaning of the word changed dramatically or "vision" was an unrecorded secondary Old English meaning of dream, or there are two separate words here. OED offers this theory: "It seems as if the presence of dream 'joy, mirth, music,' had caused dream 'dream' to be avoided, at least in literature, and swefn, lit. 'sleep,' to be substituted ...."

Words for "sleeping vision" in Old English were mæting and swefn. Old English swefn originally meant "sleep," as did a great many Indo-European "dream" nouns, such as Lithuanian sapnas, Old Church Slavonic sunu, and the Romanic words (French songe, Spanish sueño, Italian sogno all from Latin somnium (from PIE *swep-no-; cognate with Greek hypnos; see somnolence; Old English swefn is from the same root). Dream in the sense of "ideal or aspiration" is from 1931, from earlier sense of "something of dream-like beauty or charm" (1888).
dream (v.): c. 1200 in the current sense, from dream (n.). Old English verb dremen meant "rejoice; play music." Related: Dreamed; dreaming.
dreamboat (n.): "romantically desirable person," 1947, from dream (n.) + boat (n.). "When My Dream Boat Comes Home" was the title of a 1936 song credited to Guy Lombardo.