英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

russet [russet 词源字典]: russet: [13] Latin russus ‘red’ went back ultimately to the prehistoric Indo-European *reudh- ‘red’, which also produced English red. From it was descended Old French rous, whose modern form roux has given English roux ‘flour and butter mixture’ [19] (it is short for beurre roux ‘browned butter’). This formed the basis of a diminutive form rousset, which passed into English via Anglo-Norman russet. The application of the word to a red-skinned variety of apple dates from the 18th century.
=> red, roux[russet etymology, russet origin, 英语词源]
rust: rust: [OE] Etymologically, rust means ‘reddened’. The word goes back ultimately to the Indo-European base *reudh- ‘red’ (source also of English red). This produced a prehistoric Germanic noun which has evolved into German and Swedish rost, Dutch roest, and English and Danish rust.
=> red
rut: rut: The rut of deer [15] and the rut of a wheel [16] are not related. The latter in fact is historically the same word as route. Both go back ultimately to Vulgar Latin *rupta, which was a noun use of the past participle of Latin rumpere ‘break’ (source also of English rout and rupture). The etymological notion underlying it is therefore of a path that has been ‘broken’ by constant use, a ‘beaten track’.

It passed into Old French as rute or rote, and it was this that gave English rut, which originally denoted the ‘track’ made by a wheel. The later French form route is the source of English route [16]. Routine [17] comes from a French derivative of route. Rut ‘oestrus’ comes via Old French rut from Latin rugītus, a derivative of rugīre ‘roar’.
=> rout, rupture
R: In a circle, meaning "registered (trademark)," first incorporated in U.S. statues 1946. R&R "rest and relaxation," first recorded 1953, American English; R&B "rhythm and blues" (type of popular music) first attested 1949, American English.
If all our r's that are written are pronounced, the sound is more common than any other in English utterance (over seven per cent.); the instances of occurrence before a vowel, and so of universal pronunciation, are only half as frequent. There are localities where the normal vibration of the tip of the tongue is replaced by one of the uvula, making a guttural trill, which is still more entitled to the name of "dog's letter" than is the ordinary r; such are considerable parts of France and Germany; the sound appears to occur only sporadically in English pronunciation. [Century Dictionary]

The moment we encounter the added r's of purp or dorg in our reading we know that we have to do with humor, and so with school-marm. The added consonants are supposed to be spoken, if the words are uttered, but, as a matter of fact, they are less often uttered than seen. The words are, indeed, largely visual forms; the humor is chiefly for the eye. [Louise Pound, "The Humorous 'R,'" "American Mercury," October 1924]
She goes on to note that in British humorous writing, -ar "popularly indicates the sound of the vowel in father" and formations like larf (for laugh) "are to be read with the broad vowel but no uttered r." She also quotes Henry James on the characteristic prominence of the medial -r- sound (which tends to be dropped in England and New England) in the speech of the U.S. Midwest, "under some strange impulse received toward consonantal recovery of balance, making it present even in words from which it is absent, bringing it in everywhere as with the small vulgar effect of a sort of morose grinding of the back teeth."
R.A.F.: also RAF, initialism (acronym) for Royal Air Force, founded 1918 by consolidation of Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service.
R.E.M.: also REM, 1957, initialism (acronym) for rapid eye movement.
R.O.T.C.: also ROTC, 1916, American English, initialism (acronym) for Reserve Officers' Training Corps, established as part of the National Defense Act of 1916.
R.S.V.P.: also RSVP, c. 1845, from French initialism (acronym) of répondez, s'il vous plait "reply, if you please," as it might have been written on a letter or envelope.
Ra: "hawk-headed sovereign sun god of Egyptian mythology," from Egyptian R' "sun, day."
Rabat: Moroccan capital, from Arabic ar-ribat, from ribat "fortified monastery."
rabbet (n.): "rectangular groove cut out of the edge of a piece of wood or stone so that it may join by lapping with others," late 14c., from Old French rabat "a recess in a wall, a lower section," literally "a beating down," a back-formation from rabattre "to beat down, beat back" (see rebate (v.)). The verb is attested from mid-15c. (implied in rabetynge).
rabbi (n.): "Jewish doctor of religious law," late 15c. (in Old English in biblical context only; in Middle English also as a title prefixed to personal names), from Late Latin rabbi, from Greek rhabbi, from Mishnaic Hebrew rabbi "my master," from rabh "master, great one," title of respect for Jewish doctors of law + -i, first person singular pronominal suffix. From Semitic root r-b-b "to be great or numerous" (compare robh "multitude;" Aramaic rabh "great; chief, master, teacher;" Arabic rabba "was great," rabb "master").
rabbinate (n.): 1702, from rabbin "rabbi" (see rabbinical) + -ate (1).
rabbinical (adj.): 1620s, earlier rabbinic (1610s); see Rabbi + -ical. The -n- is perhaps via rabbin "rabbi" (1520s), an alternative form, from French rabbin, from Medieval Latin rabbinus (also source of Italian rabbino, Spanish and Portuguese rabino), perhaps from a presumed Semitic plural in -n, or from Aramaic rabban "our teacher," "distinguishing title given to patriarchs and the presidents of the Sanhedrin since the time of Gamaliel the Elder" [Klein], from Aramaic plural of noun use of rabh "great."
rabbit (n.): late 14c., "young of the coney," from Walloon robète or a similar French dialect word, diminutive of Flemish or Middle Dutch robbe "rabbit," of unknown origin. "A Germanic noun with a French suffix" [Liberman]. The adult was a coney (q.v.) until 18c.
Zoologically speaking, there are no native rabbits in the United States; they are all hares. But the early colonists, for some unknown reason, dropped the word hare out of their vocabulary, and it is rarely heard in American speech to this day. When it appears it is almost always applied to the so-called Belgian hare, which, curiously enough, is not a hare at all, but a true rabbit. [Mencken, "The American Language"]
Rabbit punch "chop on the back of the neck" so called from resemblance to a gamekeeper's method of dispatching an injured rabbit. Pulling rabbits from a hat as a conjurer's trick recorded by 1843. Rabbit's foot "good luck charm" first attested 1879, in U.S. Southern black culture. Earlier references are to its use as a tool to apply cosmetic powders.
[N]ear one of them was the dressing-room of the principal danseuse of the establishment, who was at the time of the rising of the curtain consulting a mirror in regard to the effect produced by the application of a rouge-laden rabbit's foot to her cheeks, and whose toilet we must remark, passim, was not entirely completed. ["New York Musical Review and Gazette," Nov. 29, 1856]
Rabbit ears "dipole television antenna" is from 1950. Grose's 1785 "Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue" has "RABBIT CATCHER. A midwife."
rabble (n.1): c. 1300, "pack of animals," possibly related to Middle English rablen "to gabble, speak in a rapid, confused manner," probably imitative of hurry, noise, and confusion (compare Middle Dutch rabbelen, Low German rabbeln "to chatter"). Meaning "tumultuous crowd of vulgar, noisy people" is from late 14c.; applied contemptuously to the common or low part of any populace from 1550s.
rabble (n.2): iron bar for stirring molten metal, 1864, from French râble, from Old French roable, from Latin rutabulum "rake, fire shovel," from ruere to rake up (perhaps cognate with Lithuanian raju "to pluck out," German roden "to root out").
rabble-rouser (n.): 1842, agent noun from Rabble-rousing, which first attested 1802 in Sydney Smith; from rabble (n.1) + rouse.
Rabelaisian (adj.): 1817, from French author François Rabelais (c. 1490-1553), whose writings "are distinguished by exuberance of imagination and language combined with extravagance and coarseness of humor and satire." [OED]
rabid (adj.): 1610s, "furious, raving," from Latin rabidus "raging, furious, enraged; inspired; ungoverned; rabid," from rabere "be mad, rave" (see rage (v.)). Meaning "made mad by rabies" in English first recorded 1804. Related: Rabidly; rabidness.