英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

refrigerant (adj.)[refrigerant 词源字典]: 1590s, originally in medicine; from Latin refrigerans, present participle of refrigerare "make cool or cold, to cool down" (see refrigeration). As a noun from 1670s.[refrigerant etymology, refrigerant origin, 英语词源]
refrigerate (v.): 1530s, back-formation from refrigeration, or else from Latin refrigeratus, past participle of refrigerare "make cool or cold." Related: Refrigerated; refrigerating. Earlier words in the same sense of "to make cold, to cool" were infrigiden, infrigidate (both early 15c.).
refrigeration (n.): late 15c., "act of cooling or freezing," from Latin refrigerationem (nominative refrigeratio) "a cooling, mitigation of heat," especially in sickness, noun of action from past participle stem of refrigerare "to cool down," from re- "again" (see re-) + frigerare "make cool," from frigus (genitive frigoris) "cold" (see frigid). Specifically "freezing provisions as a means of preserving them" from 1881.
refrigerator (n.): 1610s, "something that cools," agent noun from refrigerate. As "cabinet for keeping food cool," 1824, originally in the brewery trade, in place of earlier refrigeratory (c. 1600). The electric-powered household device was available from c. 1918.
refry (v.): 1957, in refried beans, which translates Spanish frijoles refritos. From re- + fry (v.).
reft: past participle of reave.
refuel (v.): also re-fuel, 1811, from re- "again" + fuel (v.). Originally in a spiritual sense. Related: Refueled; refuelling.
refuge (n.): "shelter or protection from danger or distress," late 14c., from Old French refuge "hiding place" (12c.), from Latin refugium "a taking refuge; place to flee back to," from re- "back" (see re-) + fugere "to flee" (see fugitive (adj.)) + -ium "place for."
refugee (n.): 1680s, from French refugié, noun use of past participle of refugier "to take shelter, protect," from Old French refuge (see refuge). First applied to French Huguenots who migrated after the revocation (1685) of the Edict of Nantes. The word meant "one seeking asylum," till 1914, when it evolved to mean "one fleeing home" (first applied in this sense to civilians in Flanders heading west to escape fighting in World War I). In Australian slang from World War II, reffo.
refulgence (n.): 1630s, from Latin refulgentia "reflected luster, splendor," from refulgens (see refulgent). Related: Refulgency (1610s).
refulgent (adj.): c. 1500, from Middle French refulgent or directly from Latin refulgentem (nominative refulgens), present participle of refulgere "flash back, shine brilliantly," from re- "back" (see re-) + fulgere "to shine" (see bleach (v.)).
refund (v.): "to give back, restore," early 15c. (earlier "to pour back," late 14c.), from Old French refunder "restore" and directly from Latin refundere "give back, restore, return," literally "pour back, flow back," from re- "back" (see re-) + fundere "to pour" (see found (v.2)). Specifically of money from 1550s. Related: Refunded; refunding.
refund (n.): "a return of money paid," 1782, from refund (v.).
refurbish (v.): 1610s, from re- "again" + furbish, on model of French refourbir. Related: Refurbished; refurbishing.
refusal (n.): late 15c., from refuse + -al (2).
refuse (v.): c. 1300, from Old French refuser "reject, disregard, avoid" (12c.), from Vulgar Latin *refusare, frequentative form from past participle stem of Latin refundere "pour back, give back" (see refund (v.)). Related: Refused; refusing.
refuse (n.): mid-14c., "an outcast;" mid-14c., "a rejected thing, waste material, trash," from Old French refus "waste product, rubbish; refusal, denial, rejection," a back-formation from the past participle of refuser (see refuse (v.)). As an adjective from late 14c., "despised, rejected;" early 15c., "of low quality."
Refusenik (n.): "Soviet Jew who has been refused permission to emigrate to Israel," 1975, a partial translation of Russian otkaznik, from otkazat "to refuse;" with English refuse (v.). Also see -nik.
refutation (n.): 1540s, from Middle French réfutation (16c.) and directly from Latin refutationem (nominative refutatio) "disproof of a claim or argument," noun of action from past participle stem of refutare (see refute).
refute (v.): 1510s, "refuse, reject," from Middle French réfuter (16c.) and directly from Latin refutare "drive back; rebut, disprove; repress, repel, resist, oppose," from re- "back" (see re-) + -futare "to beat," probably from PIE root *bhau- "to strike down" (see bat (n.1)).

Meaning "prove wrong" dates from 1540s. Since c. 1964 linguists have frowned on the subtle shift in meaning towards "to deny," as it is used in connection with allegation. Related: Refuted; refuting.