- dismal (adj.)
[dismal 词源字典] - c. 1400, from Anglo-French dismal (mid-13c.), from Old French (li) dis mals "(the) bad days," from Medieval Latin dies mali "evil or unlucky days" (also called dies Ægyptiaci), from Latin dies "days" (see diurnal) + mali, plural of malus "bad" (see mal-).
Through the Middle Ages, calendars marked two days of each month as unlucky, supposedly based on the ancient calculations of Egyptian astrologers (Jan. 1, 25; Feb. 4, 26; March 1, 28; April 10, 20; May 3, 25; June 10, 16; July 13, 22; Aug. 1, 30; Sept. 3, 21; Oct. 3, 22; Nov. 5, 28; Dec. 7, 22). Modern sense of "gloomy, dreary" first recorded in English 1590s, in reference to sounds. Related: Dismally.[dismal etymology, dismal origin, 英语词源] - dismantle (v.)
- 1570s, from Middle French desmanteler "to tear down the walls of a fortress," literally "strip of a cloak," from des- "off, away" (see dis-) + manteler "to cloak" (see mantle). Related: Dismantled; dismantling.
- dismast (v.)
- 1747, from dis- + mast (n.1). Related: Dismasted; dismasting.
- dismay (v.)
- late 13c., dismaien, from Old French *desmaier (attested only in past participle dismaye), from Latin de- intensive prefix + Old French esmaier "to trouble, disturb," from Vulgar Latin *exmagare "divest of power or ability" (source of Italian smagare "to weaken, dismay, discourage"), from ex- (see ex-) + Germanic stem *mag- "power, ability" (cognates: Old High German magen "to be powerful or able;" see may (v.)). Spanish desmayer "to be dispirited" is a loan word from Old French. Related: Dismayed; dismaying.
- dismay (n.)
- c. 1300, from dismay (v.).
- dismember (v.)
- c. 1300, from Old French desmembrer (11c.), from Medieval Latin dismembrare "tear limb from limb; castrate," from Latin de- "take away" + membrum "limb" (see member). Related: Dismembered; dismembering.
- dismemberment (n.)
- 1751, from dismember + -ment. Earlier formation was dismembration (1590s).
- dismiss (v.)
- early 15c., from Latin dimissus, past participle of dimittere "send away, send different ways; break up, discharge; renounce, abandon," from dis- "apart, away" (see dis-) + mittere "send, let go" (see mission). Prefix altered by analogy with many dis- verbs. Dismit, in the same sense, is attested from late 14c. Related: Dismissed; dismissing.
- dismissal (n.)
- 1806, formed on model of refusal, etc., from dismiss + -al (2); replacing earlier dismission (1540s).
- dismissive (adj.)
- 1640s, "characterized by or appropriate to dismissal;" from dismiss + -ive. Meaning "contemptuous, rejecting" is recorded by 1922. Related: Dismissively.
- dismount (v.)
- 1540s, from dis- + mount (v.). Related: Dismounted; dismounting.
- Disney
- surname attested from mid-12c. (William de Ysini), from Isigny in the Calvados region of Normandy. Disneyesque, in reference to Walt Disney's cartooning style, is attested from 1939 (in W.H. Auden).
- Disneyland (n.)
- in figurative sense of "land of make-believe" first recorded 1956, from U.S. entertainment park (opened in 1955) created by cartoonist Walter E. Disney (1901-1966).
- disobedience (n.)
- c. 1400, from Old French desobedience, from Vulgar Latin *disobedientia (replacing Latin inobedientia) from Latin dis- (see dis-) + obedientia (see obedience). The English word replaced earlier desobeissance in this sense, and inobedience (c. 1200).
- disobedient (adj.)
- early 15c., dysobedyent, from Old French desobedient, from Vulgar Latin *disobedientem (replacing Latin inobedientem) from Latin dis- (see dis-) + obedientem (see obedient). Related: Disobediently. Earlier in the same sense was disobeissant (late 14c.), from Old French desobeissant, and inobedient (early 14c.).
- disobey (v.)
- late 14c., from Old French desobeir (13c.) "disobey; refuse service or homage," from Vulgar Latin *disoboedire, reformed with dis- from Late Latin inobedire, a back-formation from inobediens "not obeying," from Latin in- "not" + present participle of obedire (see obey). Related: Disobeyed; disobeying.
- disoblige (v.)
- c. 1600, "to free from obligation;" 1630s, "to refuse to oblige," from French désobliger (c. 1300), from des- (see dis-) + Latin obligare (see oblige). Related: Disobliged; disobliging.
- disorder (v.)
- late 15c., from dis- "not" (see dis-) + the verb order (v.). Replaced earlier disordeine (mid-14c.), from Old French desordainer, from Medieval Latin disordinare "throw into disorder," from Latin ordinare "to order, regulate" (see ordain). Related: Disordered; disordering.
- disorder (n.)
- 1520s, from disorder (v.).
- disorderly (adj.)
- 1580s, "opposed to moral order," also "opposed to legal authority;" see dis- + orderly (adj.). The meaning "untidy" is attested from 1630s; the older senses are those in disorderly house, disorderly conduct, etc.
