英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

Rottweiler (n.)[Rottweiler 词源字典]: 1907, from Rottweil, town in Württemberg, southern Germany.[Rottweiler etymology, Rottweiler origin, 英语词源]
rotund (adj.): 1705, from Latin rotundus "rolling, round, circular, spherical, like a wheel," from rota "wheel" (see rotary). Earlier was rotound (1610s); rotounde (early 15c.). Meaning "full-toned style of oratory" (1830) is after Horace's ore rotundo in "Poetics."
rotunda (n.): "round building," 1680s, from Italian rotonda, especially the Pantheon, from noun use of Latin rotunda, fem. of rotundus "round" (see rotund). Meaning "circular hall or room within a building" is from 1780.
rotundity (n.): 1580s, from Latin rotunditas "roundness," from rotundus "round" (see rotund).
Rotwelsch (n.): "jargon of thieves and vagabonds," 1841, from German Rotwelsch, literally "Red Welsh," from rot (see red (adj.1)) + Welsh because obscure and difficult. But the first element may be connected with Middle High German rot "beggar."
roue (n.): "debauchee," 1800, from French roué "dissipated man, rake," originally past participle of Old French rouer "to break on the wheel" (15c.), from Latin rotare "roll" (see rotary). Said to have been first applied in French c. 1720 to dissolute friends of the Duke of Orleans (regent of France 1715-23), to suggest the punishment they deserved; but probably rather from a secondary, figurative sense in French of "jaded, worn out," from the notion of "broken, run-over, beat down."
Rouen: city in northern France, Roman Rotomagus, in which the second element is Gaulish magos "field, market," and the first is roto "wheel," perhaps reflecting the Gaulish love of chariot-racing, or else it is a personal name.
rouge (n.): 1753, in cosmetic sense, "blush," from French rouge "red coloring matter," noun use of adjective "red" (12c.), from Latin rubeus, related to ruber "red" (see red). Replaced native paint in this sense. The verb is attested from 1777. Related: Rouged; rouging. The same word had been borrowed from French in Middle English with the sense "red color; red" (early 15c.).
rough (n.): c. 1200, "broken ground," from rough (adj.). Meaning "a rowdy" is first attested 1837. Specific sense in golf is from 1901. Phrase in the rough "in an unfinished or unprocessed condition" (of timber, etc.) is from 1819.
rough (adj.): Old English ruh "rough, coarse (of cloth); hairy, shaggy; untrimmed, uncultivated," from West Germanic *rukhwaz "shaggy, hairy, rough" (cognates: Middle Dutch ruuch, Dutch ruig, Old High German ruher, German rauh), from Proto-Germanic *rukhaz, from PIE *reue- (2) "to smash, knock down, tear out, dig up" (cognates: Sanskrit ruksah "rough;" Latin ruga "wrinkle," ruere "to rush, fall violently, collapse," ruina "a collapse;" Lithuanian raukas "wrinkle," rukti "to shrink").

The original -gh- sound was guttural, as in Scottish loch. Sense of "approximate" is first recorded c. 1600. Of places, "riotous, disorderly, characterized by violent action," 1863. Rough draft is from 1690s. Rough-and-ready is from 1810, originally military; rough-and-tumble (1810) is from a style of free-fighting.
rough (v.): late 15c., from rough (adj.). Related: Roughed; roughing. Phrase rough it "submit to hardships" (1768) is originally nautical:
To lie rough; to lie all night in one's clothes: called also roughing it. Likewise to sleep on the bare deck of a ship, when the person is commonly advised to chuse the softest plank. [Grose, "Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue," 1788]
To rough out "shape or plan approximately" is from 1770. To rough up "make rough" is from 1763. To rough (someone) up "beat up, jostle violently" is from 1868. The U.S. football penalty roughing was originally a term from boxing (1866).
rough rider (n.): 1733, "horse-breaker," from rough (adj. or adv.) + rider. In specific military use, a non-commissioned officer in cavalry regiments, from 1802; meaning "irregular cavalryman" is attested from 1884.
rough-hewn (adj.): 1520s, originally of timber, from rough-hew (v.); see rough (adj.) + hew (v.).
rough-house (n.): 1887, "uproar, disturbance," from rough (adj.) + house (n.). The verb is first attested 1896. Related: Rough-housing.
roughage (n.): 1883, "rough grass or weeds," from rough (adj.) + -age. Meaning "coarse, bulky food" first recorded 1927.
roughen (v.): 1580s, from rough (adj.) + -en (1). Related: Roughened; roughening.
roughly (adv.): c. 1300, "ungently, violently," from rough (adj.) + -ly (2). Meaning "approximately, without precision or exactness" is from 1841.
roughneck (n.): also rough-neck, 1836, "rugged individual," from rough (adj.) + neck (n.). Original context is the Texas frontier, later adpoted to labor organization toughs. Specific sense of "oil rig worker" is recorded from 1917. Compare redneck.
roughness (n.): late 14c., from rough (adj.) + -ness.
roughshod (adj.): also rough-shod, 1680s, from rough (adj.) + shod. Originally of horses shod with the nails projecting from the shoe, to prevent slipping.