| 词根 |
词根含义 |
来源 |
词源 |
同源词 |
| ab-, a-, abs- | away, off, away from, from | Latin | ab "away"; Latin a-, from a, short form of ab; ab is regularly used before all vowels and h; before consonants except h, (like m, p, v,) ab usually becomes a; before c, q, t, it becomes abs; cognate with Greek apo, from PIE root *apo- "off, away" | abnormal, abrasion, absent, abstain, abstraction, aversion |
| acet-, aceto- | vinegar, compounds from or related to acetic acid | Latin | acetum (acetus) "vinegar" (originally vinum acetum "wine turned sour"), originally past participle of acere "be sour," related to acer "sharp, pungent, bitter", from PIE root *ak- "sharp, pointed". | acetic |
| acerb- | harsh to the taste, sharp, bitter, sour | Latin | acerbus "harsh to the taste, sharp, bitter, sour", related to acer "sharp, pungent, bitter", (cf. Latin superbus "haughty," from super "above"), from PIE root *ak- "sharp, pointed". | acerbic, exacerbate |
| acid- | acid, sour, sharp | Latin | acidus "acid, sour, sharp," adjective of state from acere "be sour," related to acer "sharp, pungent, bitter", from PIE root *ak- "sharp, pointed". | acidosis, acidulation |
| acr- | height, summit, tip | Greek | ἄκρος (ákros) "high", "extreme" | acrobatics, acromegaly, acronym, acrophobia |
| acr-, acri- | sharp, pungent, bitter | Latin | acer "sharp, pungent, bitter" (fem. acris, neut. acre), fr. PIE root *ak- "sharp,pointed" (cf. G. ake/akis "sharp,point,thorn," akros (see acr-/acro-), akantha (ake + antha/anthos "flower") "thorn,thorny plant," more to see acu-/acut-) | acrid, acrimony |
| acu-, acut- | sharp | Latin | acuere (pp. acutus "sharp, pointed") "sharpen," related to acus "needle", fr. PIE root *ak- "sharp,pointed" (cf. the rest of acr-/acri-, G. akme "summit,(highest) point," oxys "sharp,pointed, acid"; OE. ecg (old form of edge) "sword") | acupuncture, acute |
| ad-, a-, ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at- | to, toward; addition to | Latin | ad "to, toward"; expressing direction toward or addition to; ad- appears before a vowel and before the consonants d, h, j, m, v; it is simplified to a- before sc, sp, st. | accept, adapt, affect, aggression, approximate |
| adip- | fat | Latin | adeps, adipis "fat" | adipose |
| aer- | air, atmosphere | Greek | ἀήρ (aēr) "air" | aeronautics, aerosol |
| aesthet- | feeling, sensation | Greek | aisthētikos "of sense perception" from αἰσθάνεσθαι (aisthanesthai) "to perceive" | aesthetics, anaesthetic |
| agr- | field | Greek | ἀγρός (agros) "field" | agronomy |
| agri-, -egri- | field | Latin | ager, agris "field, country" | agriculture, peregrine |
| alb- | white | Latin | albus | albedo, albino, albumen |
| am-, amat-, amor-, amour- | love | Latin | amare (past participle amatus), amore, amor, amour | amateur, amatory, amorous |
| amb-, ambi-, amph-, amphi- | around, round, about, round about; both, on both sides | Greek or Latin | ambi, amphi | ambidexterity, ambivalent |
| amic-, -imic- | friend | Latin | amicus | amicable, inimical |
| amph-, amphi- | around, about, both, on both sides of, both kinds | Greek | ἀμφί (amphi) "on both sides" | amphibian, amphibolic, amphoterism |
| ampl- | large, spacious, abundant, bountiful | Latin | amplus | amplification, ample |
| an-, a- | not, without | Greek | Greek ἀν-/ἀ- "not"; a- used before a consonant, an- used before a vowel. | anhydrous, atypical |
| ana-, an- | up, upward, up to; back, backward; again, anew; against; on, upon, according to; exceedingly; throughout | Greek | ἀνά (ana) | anabaptist, anaphylaxis, anion, anode |
| andr-, andro-, -ander | man, male, masculine | Greek | aner (genitive andros) "man, male" | androgen, android |
| anem- | wind | Greek | ἄνεμος anemos | anemometer |
| anim- | life, breath, soul, mind, spirit; courage; temper, (hostile) feeling | Latin | anima, animus | animal, animation |
| ann-, anni-, annu-, -enn-, -enni- | year, yearly | Latin | annus (genitive anni) "year" | anniversary, annual, biannual, millennium |
| ant-, anti- | against, opposed to, opposite of, instead, preventive | Greek | ἀντί anti "against" | antagonist, antibiotic, antipodes |
| ante-, anti- | before, beforehand, in front of, prior to, previous | Latin | ante "before" | antebellum, antediluvian, anticipate, antiquarian |
| anth-, antho- | flower | Greek | ἄνθος (anthos) "flower" | anther, anthology |
| anthra- | coal | Greek | ἄνθραξ (anthraks) | anthracite, anthrax |
| anthrop-, anthropo- | man, human being | Greek | anthropos "man, human being", which is perhaps a dialectical variant of *andropos, a compound of aner (genitive andros) "man" and ops (genitive opos) "eye, face", so literally "he who has the face of a man". | anthropology, anthropomorphic |
| ap-, apo-, aph- | from, away from, off, away, asunder, separate | Greek | ἀπό (apo); cognate with Latin ab, from PIE root *apo- "off, away" | aphelion, apocrine, apogee, apostasy |
| aqu- | water | Latin | aqua | aquamarine, aquarium, aqueduct, aquifer |
| ar- | plow | Latin | arare "plow" (cognate with ear "plow"). | arable, ear |
| ar- | be dry | Latin | ārēre "be dry or parched" | arid |
| arch-, archi-, archo- | chief, principal, leader, ruler, government | Greek | arkhos "leader, chief, ruler", from arkhe "beginning, origin, first place"; arkhein | archangel, architect |
| archa-, arche-, archae-, archeo-, archaeo- | ancient, olden, primitive, primeval, from the beginning, beginning, first | Greek | arkhaios "ancient," from arkhe "beginning" | archaeology, archeology, archaic |
| arct- | Relating to the North Pole or the region near it; relating to cold | Greek | ἄρκτος arktos "bear" | Arctic Ocean |
| argent- | silver | Latin | argentum | argent, Argentina |
| arist- | excellence | Greek | ἀρετή, ἄριστος aretē, aristos | aristocracy |
| arthr-, arthro- | joint | Greek | arthron "joint", from PIE root *ar- "put things together, fit together, join" | arthritis, arthropod |
| astr-, astro- | star or celestial body; outer space | Greek | astro-, stem and comb. form of astron "star," related to aster "star"; In ancient Greek, aster typically was "a star" and astron mostly in plural, "the stars". | asterisk, astrology, astronomy |
| athl- | prize | Greek | ἄθλος (athlos) "contest, feat" | athlete, pentathlon |
| -athroid | gathered or lumped together | Greek | αθροίζω (athroidzo) "I gather together" | Hypoathroid, epiathroid |
| audi-, audio- | hearing, listening, sound | Latin | audire "to hear" | audible, auditorium, auditory |
| aug-, auct- | grow, increase | Latin | augēre, auctus "to increase" | augend, augmentation |
| aur- | relating to gold, or gold-colored | Latin | aurum "gold" | aureate, aureole |
| auri- | relating to the ear | Latin | auris "ear" | auricle |
| aut-, auto-, auth- | self, one's own, by oneself | Greek | αὐτός (autos) "self", "same" | autarchy, autograph, automobile, autonomy |
| avi- | bird | Latin | avis | aviary, aviation |
| axi- | axis | Latin | axis | axisymmetry |
| axi(o)- | merit | Greek | ἄξιος (axios) "worth" | axiology, axiom |
| bac- | rod-shaped | Latin | from baculum "rod" | bacilla, bacteria |
| bar-, baro-, bari- | weight, heavy, pressure | Greek | baros, barys | barograph, barometer, barostat |
| basi- | at the bottom | Greek | from βαίνω, I walk, march, βάσις "step" | basic, basis |
| bathy-, batho- | deep, depth | Greek | βαθύς (bathús, bathýs) | batholith, bathymetry, bathyscaphe |
| be-, beat- | bless | Latin | beare, beatus | beatification |
| bell-, belli- | war | Latin | bellum, belli | antebellum, bellicose, belligerent |
| ben- | good, well | Latin | bene (adverb) | benefit, benignity |
| bi-, bis-, bin- | two, twice, double, doubly, once every two | Latin | bis, "twice"; bini, "in twos" | binary, binoculars, bigamy, biscotti |
| bib-, bibit- | drink | Latin | bibere, bibitus | imbibe |
| bibl- | book | Greek | βιβλίον (biblíon) "book" | bible, bibliography |
| bio-, -bi- | life | Greek | βίος (bios) "life" | biography, biologist, biology, biosphere |
| blenn- | slime | Greek | βλέννος (blennos) | blennophobia, blennosperma |
| blast- | germ, embryo, bud, cell with nucleus | Greek | βλασταίνω (blastainō), "I put forth shoots" | blastula, fibroblast, osteoblast, sideroblast |
| bon- | good | Latin | bonus | bonify, bonitary |
| bor- | north | Latin from Greek | borealis "northern" from Βορέας (Boreas) "the north wind" | borealis |
| botan- | plant | Greek | βοτάνη, βότανον (botanē, botanon) | botanic, botanist, botany |
| bov- | cow, ox | Latin | bos, bovis | bovine |
| brachi-, brachio- | arm | Greek | Latin brachium "arm", from Greek brakhion "arm," perhaps originally "upper arm," literally "shorter," and from brakhys "short" (see brief), in contrast to the longer forearm. | brachial artery, brachiosaurus |
| brachy- | short | Greek | βραχύς (brakhús, brakhýs) | brachycephaly, brachydactyly |
| brady- | slow | Greek | βραδύς (bradús, bradýs) | bradycardia |
| branchi- | gill | Greek | βράγχιον (brágkhion, bránkhion) | branchiopod, nudibranch |
| brev-, brevi- | brief, short; shorten, make shorter, shortened | Latin | breve (genitive brevis), breviare | abbreviation, brevity |
| brom- | food | Greek | βρῶμα (brōma) | bromatium, bromatology |
| brom- | oats | Greek | βρόμος, βρόμη (brómos, brómē) "oats" | brome, Bromus, Bromus ramosus |
| bromo-, brom- | stench, stink, bad odor | Greek | bromos "stench" | bromate, bromide, bromine |
| bronch- | windpipe | Greek | βρόγχος (brógkhos, brónkhos) | bronchiole, bronchitis, bronchus |
| bront- | thunder | Greek | βροντή (brontē) | Brontosaurus |
| bucc- | cheek, mouth, cavity | Latin | bucca | buccal, buccinator muscle |
| bulb- | bulbous | Latin | bulbus | bulbous, bulbule |
| bulli- | boil, seethe, bubble | Latin | bullire | ebullient, ebullism |
| burs- | pouch, purse | Latin | bursa | bursa, bursar, bursary, disburse |
| caco-, cac-, kako-, kak- | bad, harsh, wrong, evil; incorrect; unpleasant; poor | Greek | kakos "bad, evil", considered by etymologists probably to be connected with PIE *kakka- "to defecate" (see caca). | cacophony |
| cad-, -cid-, cas- | fall | Latin | cadere, casus | accident, cadence, case |
| caed-, -cid-, caes-, -cis- | cut | Latin | caedere, caesus | caesura, incisor, scissors |
| calc- | stone | Latin and Greek | from Latin calx "lime", and from Greek χάλιξ (khalix) "pebble" "limestone" | calcite, calcium, calculate, calculus |
| call-, calli- | beautiful | Greek | from Greek κάλλος kallos "beauty" | calligraphy |
| calor- | heat | Latin | calor "heat" | calorie |
| calyp- | cover | Greek | καλύπτειν (kaluptein) | apocalypse |
| camer- | vault | Latin | camera | bicameral, camera |
| camp- | field | Latin | campus "field", "level ground" | champion, campaign |
| can- | dog | Latin | canis | canine, Canis Major |
| can-, -cin-, cant-, cent-, chant- | sing, chant | Latin | canere "sing"; cantus, pp. of canere; cantare, frequ. of canere | cantata, canto, cantor |
| cand- | glowing, iridescent | Latin | candere "to be white or glisten" | candela, candid, candle, candor, incandescent, incendiary, incense |
| cap-, -cip-, -cup-, capt-, -cept-, -ceiv- | hold, take, catch, seize, grasp | Latin | capere, captus "take or hold" (vowel changes from a to i in compounds) | capture, captive, conception, recipient, occupy |
| capit-, cipit- | head | Latin | caput (genitive capitis) "head" | capital, decapitation, precipitation |
| capr- | goat | Latin | caper, capri | Capricorn, caprine |
| caps- | box, case | Latin | capsa | capsule |
| carbo- | coal | Latin | carbo, carbonis | carbohydrate |
| carcer- | jail | Latin | carcer, carcerare | incarceration |
| carcin- | cancer (disease) | Latin from Greek | Latin from Greek καρκίνος (karkinos) "crab" | carcinogenic, carcinoma |
| cardi- | relating to the heart | Greek | καρδιά kardia "heart" | cardiograph, cardiology |
| cardin- | hinge | Latin | cardo, cardinis | cardinal |
| carn-, carni- | flesh | Latin | caro (genitive carnis) "flesh" | carnal, carnival, carnivore |
| carp- | relating to fruit | Greek | καρπός (karpos) "fruit" | carpology |
| carp- | relating to the wrist | Greek | καρπός (karpos) "wrist" | carpal, carpal tunnel syndrome |
| cast- | pure | Latin | castus "chaste" | caste, castigate, castrate |
| cata-, cat-, cath- | down, downward; intensive prefix, completely, entirely; against, wrongly | Greek | κατά (katá) "down" | catabolic, catalyst, catastrophe, catatonia, cathode, cation, catapult, catachresis |
| caten- | chain | Latin | catena | catenary, concatenation |
| cathar- | pure | Greek | καθαρός (katharos) | catharsis |
| caud- | tail | Latin | cauda | caudal |
| caus-, -cus- | cause or motive | Latin | causa | causative |
| cav- | hollow | Latin | cavus "hollow" | cave, cavity, excavation |
| ced-, cess- | go | Latin | cedere, cessus | procession, recede, secede |
| celer- | quick | Latin | celer, celerare | acceleration, celerity |
| cen- | new | Greek | καινός (kainos) | Cenozoic |
| cen- | empty | Greek | κενός (kenos) | cenotaph |
| cens- | to assess | Latin | censere | census |
| cent- | hundred | Latin | centum | cent, centennial, centurion |
| centen- | hundred each | Latin | centeni | centenary |
| centesim- | hundredth | Latin | centesimus | centesimal, centesimation |
| centr- | center | Greek | κέντρον (kéntron) "needle", "spur" | eccentric |
| cephal-, cephalo- | head, skull, brain | Greek | κεφαλή (kephale) | cephalic, cephalopod, encephalogram |
| ceram- | clay | Greek | κέραμος (keramos) | ceramic |
| cerat- | horn | Greek | κέρας, κέρατος (keras, keratos) "horn" | keratin |
| cern- | sift | Latin | cernere | discern, secern |
| cervic- | relating to the neck, relating to the cervix | Latin | cervix, cervicis "neck" | cervix, cervical |
| ceter- | other | Latin | ceterus | et cetera |
| chir-, chiro-, cheiro-, cheir- | hand | Greek | kheir (genitive kheiros) "the hand," from PIE *ghes- "hand" | chiral, chiropractic, chiroptera |
| chelon- | relating to a turtle | Greek | χελώνη (khelōne) "tortoise" | chelonia |
| chlor- | green | Greek | χλωρός (khlōros) "green" | chlorine, chlorophyll, chloroplast |
| chore- | relating to dance | Greek | χορεία khoreia "dancing in unison" from χορός khoros "chorus" | choreography |
| chord-, cord- | cord, rope, string | Latin and Greek | chorda, khorde | chordata, cord, cordillera |
| chrom- | color | Greek | χρῶμα (chrōma) "color" | chromium, chromosome, monochrome |
| chron- | time | Greek | χρόνος (chronos) | chronic, chronology, chronometer |
| chrys-, chryso- | gold | Greek | khrysos "gold" | chrysolite, chrysalis |
| cili- | eyelash | Latin | cilium | cilia, supercilious |
| cine- | motion | Greek | κινέω (kineō) | cinema |
| ciner- | ashes | Latin | cinis (genitive cineris) "ashes" | incineration |
| cing-, cinct- | surround, encircle, gird | Latin | cingere; cinctus, pp. of cingere | succinct |
| circ- | circle, ring | Latin | circus | circus, circular |
| circum- | around, all around, on all sides | Latin | circum "around, round about," literally "in a circle," cognate with circus "ring" (see circus). In French, the element became circon-; Kitchin points out that con for cum is common even in classical Latin. | circumcise, circumference |
| cirr- | orange | Greek | κιρρός (kirros) | cirrhosis |
| cirr- | curl, tentacle | Latin | cirrus | cirrus |
| civ- | citizen | Latin | civis | civility |
| clad- | branch | Greek | κλάδος (klados) | clade |
| clar- | clear | Latin | clarus, clarare | clarity, declaration |
| clast- | broken | Greek | κλαστός (klastos) | iconoclast, osteoclast |
| claud-, clud-, claus-, clus-, clos- | close, shut | Latin | claudere (pp. clausus; -clusus, pp. of -cludere) "close, shut" | clause, exclusion, include |
| clav-, clavi- | key; bolt, bar; shut, lock, close | Latin | clavis | clavichord, clavicle, conclave |
| cl(e)ist- | closed | Greek | κλειστός (kleistos) | |
| cleithr- | bar, key | Greek | | cleithrum |
| clement- | mild | Latin | clemens, clementis | clemency, inclement |
| clin-, clino- | lean, slope, bend, incline | Greek or Latin | Latin clinare (Greek klinein) "lean, slope, bend, incline", from PIE root *klei- "lean, incline" | declination, incline |
| cochl- | (snail/spiral) shell | Greek | κόχλος (kochlos) | cochlea |
| coel- | hollow | Greek | κοῖλος (koilos) | blastocoel, coelom, spongocoel |
| cogn- | know | Latin | cognoscere, cognitus | cognitive, cognizant, recognize |
| col- | strain | Latin | colare, colum | colander, coulee |
| coll- | hill | Latin | collis | |
| coll- | neck | Latin | collum | collar |
| color- | color | Latin | color | coloration, coloratura, tricolor |
| con-, co-, col-, com-, cor- | with, together, intensive prefix | Latin | com, cum | coagulate, collide, compress, connect, contain, corrode |
| con- | cone | Greek | κῶνος (kōnos) | conic, conical, conoid |
| condi- | season | Latin | condire | condiment |
| contra-, contro-, contre-, counter-, contr- | against, in opposition | Latin | contra; In French, it became contre- and passed into English as counter-. | contradiction, contrast, contraception |
| copr- | dung | Greek | κόπρος (kopros) | coprolite, coprophagia, coprophilia |
| corac- | raven | Greek | κόραξ, κόρακος (korax, korakos) | coracoid |
| cor-, cour-, cord-, cordi- | heart | Latin | cor, cordis, cor (genitive cordis) | accord, cordial, core, courage |
| corn- | horn, projecting point, corner | Latin | cornu (genitive cornus) "horn" | cornea, cornucopia, unicorn |
| coron-, coroll- | crown, wreath, garland | Latin | corona, coronare; corolla "small garland, little crown", diminutive of corona | corona, coronation |
| corpor- | body | Latin | corpus, corporis | corporation, corpse, corpuscle |
| cortic- | bark | Latin | cortex, corticis | corticosteriod |
| cosm-, cosmo- | world, universe; order, good order, orderly arrangement | Greek | κόσμος (kosmos) | cosmic, cosmonaut |
| cosmet- | arrange, adorn, ornament | Greek | kosmetos, from kosmein "arrange, adorn," from kosmos "order" | cosmetics, cosmetology |
| cost- | rib | Latin | costa | costal |
| cotyl- | cup | Greek | κοτύλη (kotulē) | cotyledon |
| -cracy, -crat | government, rule, authority | Greek | κράτος (kratos) | democracy |
| crani- | skull | Greek | κρανίον (kranion) | cranium |
| crass- | thick | Latin | crassus | crassitude |
| cre-, creat- | make, bring forth, produce, beget, create | Latin | creare, creatus; creatus, past participle of creare | creation, creature, procreant |
| cred- | believe, trust | Latin | credere, creditus | credentials, credibility, creditor, incredible |
| crep-, crepit-, crev- | crack, creak | Latin | crepitare "crackle," frequentative of crepare "crack, creak" | crepitation, discrepancy, crevice |
| cribr- | sieve | Latin | cribrum, cribrare | cribble, cribrate |
| cric- | ring | Greek | κρίκος (krikos) | cricoid |
| cris-, crit- | judge | Greek | κρίσις (crisis) | crisis, critic |
| crisp- | curled | Latin | crispus | crepe, crispate |
| crist- | crest | Latin | crista | cristate |
| cross- | fringe, tassel | Greek | κροσσός (krossos) | crossopterygii |
| cruc-, cruci- | cross | Latin | crux, crucis | crucial, crucifix, crucify, excruciating |
| crur- | leg, shank | Latin | crus, cruris | crural |
| crypt- | hidden | Greek | κρυπτός (kruptos) | cryptic, cryptography |
| cten- | comb | Greek | κτείς, κτενός (kteis, ktenos) | ctenophore |
| cub- | cube | Greek | κύβος (kubos) | cubic, cuboid |
| cub-, cumb-, cubi-, cubit- | lie, lie down, lie asleep, recline | Latin | cubare "lie, lie down, recline"; -cumbere (found only in compounds) "lie, lie down, recline", from or related to cubare. | incubation, succuba |
| culin- | kitchen | Latin | culina | culinary |
| culp- | blame, fault | Latin | culpa | culpable, exculpate |
| cune- | wedge | Latin | cuneus | cuneiform |
| cur- | care for | Latin | cura, curare | accurate, curator, cure |
| curr-, curs- | run | Latin | currere (pp. cursus) "run" | concurrent, current, cursive |
| curv- | bend, curve | Latin | curvare, curvus; from PIE root *ker- "turn, bend," (cf. Latin curvus "bent, curved," crispus "curly"; Greek kirkos "ring," koronos "curved") | curvature |
| cuspid- | lance, point | Latin | cuspis, cuspidis | bicuspid |
| cut- | skin | Latin | cutis | cutaneous, cuticle |
| cyan- | blue | Greek | κυανός (kuanos) | cyanide |
| cycl- | circular | Greek | κύκλος (kuklos) | bicycle, cycle, cyclone |
| cylind- | roll | Greek | κύλινδρος (kulindros) | cylinder |
| cyn- | dog | Greek | κύων, κυνός (kuōn, kunos) | cynology, cynosure |
| cyst- | capsule | Greek | κύστις (kustis) | cystic |
| cyt-, cyto- | cell | Greek | κύτος (kutos) | cnidocyte, cytoplasm |
| dactylo-, dactyl-, dactylio- | finger, toe, digit | Greek | dactylos, literally "finger" (also "toe") | dactylology, pterodactyl |
| damn-, demn- | damage, loss, injury, penalty, condemn | Latin | damnare "condemn", from damnum "damage, loss, injury, penalty" | condemn, damnation, indemnify |
| de- | down, down from, from, from among, away, out, off; down to the bottom, totally, entirely, completely; concerning | Latin | dē | deletion, dementia, descend |
| deb- | owe | Latin | debere, debitus | debit |
| deca-, dec-, deka-, dek- | ten | Greek | δέκα deka, ten | decagram, decahedron, decameter |
| decim- | tenth part | Latin | decimus, tenth; from decem, ten | decimal, decimate |
| delt- | anything shaped like a Δ | Greek | δέλτα (delta) | deltoid |
| dem- | people | Greek | δῆμος (dēmos) | demagogue, democracy |
| den- | ten each | Latin | deni | denarius, denary |
| dendr- | resembling a tree | Greek | δένδρον (dendron): akin to δρύς, drys, "tree" | dendrite, dendrochronology |
| dens- | thick | Latin | densus | condense, density |
| dent- | tooth | Latin | dens, dentis | dental, dentifrice, dentures |
| derm- | skin | Greek | δέρμα (derma) | dermis, epidermis, hypodermic |
| deuter- | second | Greek | δεύτερος (deuteros) | Deuteronomy, deuterostome |
| dexter-, dextr- | right hand (side), on the right hand (side); skillful | Latin | dexter (for *dexi-teros), 'on the right side (hand)' (lit. 'on the suitable or fitting side'); from Greek dexios, The Latin form is with the comparative suffix -ter; from PIE base *dek-, *dok-. | dexterity, dextrose |
| dexi- | right | Greek | δεξιός, right | Dexiarchia |
| di- | two, double, twice | Greek | Greek di-, from dis "twice," related to duo (see two). | dicot, diode, dipole |
| di-, dia- | through, throughout, across, thoroughly, entirely | Greek | διά (dia) | dialysis, diameter, diagram |
| dic-, dict- | say, speak, tell, declare, proclaim; show, prove, point out | Latin | dicere, dictus, dicare | contradict, dictate, dictation, dictionary, edict, predict |
| digit- | finger | Latin | digitus | digital |
| dino- | terrible, fearfully great | Greek | δεινός (deinos) | dinosaur |
| dipl- | double; twofold | Greek | διπλός (diplos) | diploid, diplosis |
| doc-, doct-, doctr-, docu- | teach, show, cause to know | Latin | docere, doctor; docere 'teach' (orig. 'cause somebody to receive something'); from PIE base *dek-, *dok- "take, receive, accept; acceptable, suitable, fitting, proper" | docile, doctor, indoctrinate |
| dodec- | twelve | Greek | δώδεκα (dodeka) | dodecasyllabic |
| dox-, doxo- | opinion, tenet; glory, praise | Greek | doxa, from dokein "appear, seem, think, seem good, believe"; from PIE base *dek-, *dok-. | doxology, orthodox |
| dom- | house | Latin | domus | dome |
| don- | give, give as a gift, present; gift | Latin | donare "give as a gift," from donum "gift" | condone, donation |
| dorm- | sleep | Latin | dormire | dormant, dormitory |
| dors- | back | Latin | dorsum | dorsal |
| du- | two | Latin | duo | dual |
| dub- | doubtful | Latin | dubius | dubious |
| duc-, duct- | lead, bring | Latin | dux, ducis, ducere, ductus | abduction, conductor, introduction, production, reduction, deduction |
| dulc- | sweet | Latin | dulcis | dulcet |
| dur- | hard | Latin | durus | durable, duration, duress, endure, obdurate |
| dy- | two | Greek | δύο (duo) | dyad |
| dyna- | power | Greek | δύναμαι (dunamai) | dynamism, dynasty, dynamite |
| dys- | bad, ill, abnormal | Greek | δυσ- (dus-), dys- | dysentery, dysplasia, dystrophy |
| ec- | out | Greek | ἐκ (ek); typical form in English of Latin ex-, Greek ex-, ek- before consonants. | eccentric |
| eccles- | assembly, congregation | Ancient Greek | ἐκκλησία (ekklēsiā) from ἐκκαλέω (ekkaleō) "I summon" or "I call out" | Ecclesiastes, ecclesiastical |
| eco- | house | Greek | οἶκος (oikos) | ecology, economics, ecumenism |
| ecto- | outside | Greek | ἐκτός (ektos) | ectoderm |
| ed-, es- | eat | Latin | edere, esus | edible |
| ego- | self, I (first person) | Latin, Greek | ego, ἐγώ | egocentric |
| ego-, eg- | goat | Greek | αἴξ (aix) | egophony |
| elect- | amber | Greek | ἤλεκτρον (elektron) | electron, electricity |
| em-, -eem, empt- | take, buy, gain, obtain, procure | Latin | emere; -emere (past participle -emptus); (sumere (sum-, sumpt-) "take," from sub "under" + emere "take") | exemption, preempt, redeem |
| emes-, emesi-, -emea, -emesis, eme-, emeto-, emet-, emeti-, -emetic | vomit | Greek | emesis "vomiting," from emein "to vomit," from PIE *weme- "to spit, vomit" (see vomit) | emesis, emetic |
| emul- | striving to equal, rivaling | Latin | aemulus, aemulare | emulator |
| en-, em- | in, into; near, at, on, within; put in or on; cause to be, make; intensive prefix | Greek | ἐν (en); assimilated to -p-, -b-, -m-, -l-, -r-; Also used with native elements to form verbs from nouns and adjectives; cognate with Latin in / in-. | emphasis |
| encephalo- | brain | Greek | ἐγκέφαλος (enkephalos) | encephalopathy |
| endo- | inside | Greek | ἔνδον (endon) | endocrine, endocytosis |
| engy- | narrow | Greek | ἐγγύς (engys) | |
| ennea- | nine | Greek | ἐννέα (ennea) | ennead, enneagon, enneode |
| ens- | sword | Latin | ensis | |
| eo-, eos-, eoso- | dawn, east | Greek | Ἠώς/Ἕως | Eocene |
| ep-, epi-, eph- | on, upon, above, over; in addition, in addition to, after, behind; to, toward, into; among; at, near | Greek | ἐπί (epi) | epicenter, epitaph, epoch |
| epistem- | knowledge or science | Greek | ἐπιστήμη (epistēmē) | epistemic |
| equ-, -iqu-, equi- | equal, just, even, level | Latin | aequus, aequi- | equal, equivalence |
| equ-, equin- | horse | Latin | equinus "pertaining to horse", from equus "horse" | equestrian, equine |
| erg- | work | Greek | έργον (ergon) | ergonomics |
| err- | stray | Latin | errare | aberration, errant |
| erythr- | red | Greek | ἐρυθρός (eruthros) | erythrocyte |
| eso- | within | Greek | ἔσω (esō) | esoteric |
| eth-, etho- | moral character, character, nature, disposition, habit, custom | Greek | ἦθος (ēthos) | ethology |
| ethm- | sieve | Greek | ἠθμός (hethmos); ἤθειν (hethein) | ethmoid |
| ethn- | people, race, tribe, nation | Greek | ἔθνος (ethnos) | ethnarch, ethnic |
| etym- | true | Greek | ἔτυμος (etumos) | etymology |
| eu- | well, good | Greek | eus "good", eu "well", also "luckily, happily" | euphoria, euthanasia |
| eur- | wide | Greek | εὐρύς (eurus) | Europe |
| ex-, exo-, e-, ef-, ec-, es- | out, outside, away, out of, from, from within; upwards, completely, entirely, thoroughly; remove from, deprive of; without; former | Latin | ex | exclude, extend, extrude, ex-wife |
| exo- | outside | Greek | ἔξω (eksō) | exoskeleton, exothermic |
| exter-, extra- | outward, outside, on the outside, outer, of another country, foreign; without, except | Latin | exterus (feminine extera); extra, from extera | exterior |
| extrem- | outermost, utmost, farthest, last | Latin | extremus | extremity, extremophile |
| f-, fari-, fat-, fac-, fant-, fanc-, fand-, fess- | speak, say, tell | Latin | fari, fatus, fatum, fandus; fans, present participle of fari; fateri (past participle fassus), -fiteri (past participle -fessus); from PIE root *bha- (2) "speak, tell, say" | fate, infant, preface |
| fab- | bean | Latin | faba | faba bean |
| fac-, fic-, fact-, fect- | make, do, perform | Latin | facere, factus | defect, factory, manufacture |
| falc- | sickle | Latin | falx, falcis | falciform |
| fall-, -fell-, fals- | deceive | Latin | fallere, falsus | falsity, infallibility |
| fallac- | false | Latin | fallax, fallacis | fallacy |
| famili- | a close attendant | Latin | famulus | familiarity |
| fant-, phant- | visible, appear, show, only image or picture, picture to oneself, imagine | Greek | phantos, phantazein, phantazesthai, from phainesthai, phainein | fantasy, fantastic, phantasm |
| fasc- | bundle, bundle of wood | Latin | fascis "bundle of wood" | fasciculation, fascism |
| fatu- | foolish, useless | Latin | fatuus "foolish" | fatuous, infatuation |
| feder- | league, alliance; treaty, pact | Latin | foedus (genitive foederis), related to fides "faith" | confederation, federal |
| fel-, feli-, felin-, felino- | cat | Latin | feles (genitive felis) "cat, wild cat", felinus | feline |
| felic-, felici-, felicit- | happy, fortunate | Latin | felix (genitive felicis) "happy, fortunate, fruitful, fertile" | felicity |
| fell- | suck | Latin | fellare | fellation |
| femin- | women, female | Latin | femina | femininity |
| femor- | thigh | Latin | femur, femoris | femoral |
| fend-, fens- | strike | Latin | fendere, -fensus | defend, offense |
| fenestr- | window | Latin | fenestra | defenestration |
| fer- | carry, bear, bring | Latin | ferre | reference, transfer |
| feroc- | fierce | Latin | ferox, ferocis | ferocity |
| ferr- | iron | Latin | ferrum | ferrous |
| fet- | stink | Latin | fetere | fetid, fetor |
| fic- | fig | Latin | ficus | Ficus |
| fid-, fide-, fidel- | trust, faith | Latin | fidere "trust"; fidare "trust," from fidus "faithful," from fidem (nominative fides) "faith"; fidelis "faithful, true," from fides "faith" | confidence, fidelity |
| fil- | thread | Latin | filum | filament |
| fili- | son | Latin | filius | affiliation |
| fin- | end | Latin | finis | final, finish |
| find-, fiss-, -fid | split | Latin | findere (past participle fissus) "split", from root *bheid- "split", cognate with Old English bite "act of biting," and bita "a piece bitten off" (see bite, bit); -fidus, from findere "split" | fission, fissure |
| firm- | firm, strong | Latin | firmus, firmare | confirmation, firmament |
| fistul- | hollow, tube | Latin | fistula | fistula |
| fl-, flat- | blow | Latin | flare (pp. flatus) "blow", cognate with English blow. | flatulence, inflation |
| flacc- | flabby | Latin | flaccus, flaccere | flaccid |
| flav- | yellow | Latin | flavus | flavonoid |
| flect-, flex- | bend | Latin | flectere, flexus | flexible, flexile, flexor, inflection |
| flig-, flict- | strike | Latin | fligere, flictus | conflict, inflict |
| flor- | flower | Latin | flos, floris | floral, florid |
| flu-, flux- | flow | Latin | fluere; fluxus, pp. of fluere | effluent, fluency, influx |
| foc- | hearth | Latin | focus | focal |
| fod-, foss- | dig | Latin | fodere, fossus | fossil |
| foen- | hay | Latin | foenum | Foeniculum |
| foli- | leaf | Latin | folium | defoliant |
| font- | spring | Latin | fons, fontis | font, fontal, fontanelle |
| for- | bore, drill | Latin | forare, foratus | foralite, foramen, foraminifer, perforation |
| form- | shape | Latin | forma | conformity, deformity, formation, reformatory |
| fornic- | vault | Latin | fornix, fornicis | fornication |
| fort- | strong | Latin | fortis | fortification |
| fove- | shallow round depression | Latin | fovea | fovea |
| frang-, fring-, fract-, frag-, -frain | break | Latin | frangere (pp. fractus; -fractus, pp. of -fringere; -fraindre, Old French variant of -frangere) "break," cognate with English break, from PIE root *bhreg- "break". | fracture, fragment, frangible, infringe |
| frater-, fratr- | brother | Latin | frater | fraternity |
| fric-, frict- | rub | Latin | fricare, frictus | dentifrice, friction |
| frig- | cold | Latin | frigere | frigid, frigorific |
| front- | forehead | Latin | frons, frontis | confront, frontage, frontal |
| fruct-, frug- | fruit | Latin | frux, fructis | fructose |
| fug-, fugit- | flee | Latin | fugere | centrifuge, fugitive, refuge |
| fum- | smoke | Latin | fumus | fume, fumigation |
| fund-, found- | bottom, foundation, base | Latin | fundus | fundamentalism, profundity |
| fund-, fus- | pour, melt | Latin | fundere (pp. fusus) "pour, melt," from root *gheu- "pour" (cf. Greek khein "pour," khymos "juice"; Old English geotan "pour") | diffusion, effusion |
| fung-, funct- | do | Latin | fungi, functus | function, fungibility |
| fur-, furt- | steal | Latin | fur, furare | furtive |
| furc- | fork | Latin | furca | bifurcation |
| fusc- | dark | Latin | fuscus | obfuscation |
| galact- | milk | Greek | γάλα, γαλακτός (gala, galaktos) | galactic |
| gastr-, gastro- | stomach, belly | Greek | gaster (genitive gastros) "belly, stomach", by dissimilation from *graster, literally "eater, devourer," from gran "gnaw, eat," from PIE root *gras- "devour" | gastric, gastroenterology |
| geo- | earth | Greek | geo-, comb. form of ge "earth" (see Gaia) | geography, geology, geometry |
| gel-, gelat- | icy cold, freeze, jell | Latin | gelum, gelare (pp. gelatus) "freeze, jell" | gelatin, gelid |
| gen-, gener- | race, kind; birth, produce, beget; descent, origin | Greek or Latin | γένος (genos); genus (genitive generis), generare | eugenics, genocide |
| ger-, gest- | bear, carry, bring; behave, act, do, wage, perform | Latin | gerere, gestus | digest, gestation, gest |
| germin-, germ- | sprout, bud | Latin | germen (genitive germinis) "sprout, bud," dissimilated from PIE *gen(e)-men-, from root *gene- "give birth, beget" | germination, germ |
| glabr- | hairless | Latin | glaber | glabrous |
| glaci- | ice | Latin | glacies | glacier |
| gladi- | sword | Latin | gladius | gladiator |
| glia- | glue | Greek | γλία (glia) | glial |
| glob- | sphere | Latin | globus | global, globule |
| glori- | glory | Latin | gloria | glorify |
| glutin- | glue | Latin | gluten, glutinis | agglutination |
| grad-, -gred-, gress- | walk, step, go | Latin | gradus, gradere, gressus | grade, regress |
| gramm- | writing | Greek | γράμμα (gramma) | grammar, grammatic |
| gran- | grain | Latin | granum | granary, granite, granola, granule |
| grand- | grand | Latin | grandis | grandiloquous, grandiosity |
| graph-, grapho- | draw, write; record, description | Greek | γραφή (graphē), graphein | grapheme, graphic, graphology |
| grat- | thank, please | Latin | gratus | gratitude, ingrate, grace |
| grav- | heavy | Latin | gravis | aggravation, grave, gravity |
| greg-, gregi- | flock, herd | Latin | grex (genitive gregis) "flock, herd," from PIE base *gre-g-, partial reduplication of base *gere-, *ger- "gather, gather together, assemble". | egregious, gregarious, segregation |
| gubern- | govern, pilot | Latin | gubernare | gubernatorial |
| gust- | taste | Latin | gustus, gustare; from PIE root *geus- "taste, choose"; the root that forms words for "taste" in Greek and Latin, but mostly meaning "try" or "choose" in Germanic and Celtic. | disgust, gusto |
| gutt- | drop | Latin | gutta | gutta, guttifer, guttiform |
| guttur- | throat | Latin | guttur | guttural |
| gymn- | nude | Greek | γυμνός (gymnos) | gymnasium, gymnastics, gymnosperm |
| gyn- | woman | Greek | γυνή | gynecology |
| hab-, -hib-, habit-, -hibit-; habili-, habil- | dwell, live; have, hold, possess; that which may be easily handled, suitable, fit, proper; clothe, dress, clothing | Latin | habitus, habitare, habile, habilis, habere "to have, hold, possess; consider, think, reason; manage, keep," from PIE root *ghabh- "to seize, take, hold, have, give, receive" (see give, (h)able). | habit, prohibition, able, ability |
| hadr- | thick | Greek | ἁδρός (hadros) | hadron, hadrocodium |
| haem-, hem- | blood | Greek | αἷμα (haima) | haemophilia, hemoglobin |
| hal-, halo-, hali- | salt, sea | Greek | hals (genitive halos) "a lump of salt, salt generally," in Homer, "the sea," literally "salt", cognate with Latin sal (genitive salis) "salt" | halogen, halite |
| hal-, hel-, halit- | breathe | Latin | halare (pp. halatus) "breathe", halitus | anhelation, inhale, halitosis |
| hapl- | simple, single | Greek | ἁπλοῦς (haplous) | haploid, haplotype |
| haur-, haust- | draw | Latin | haurire, haustus | exhaustion |
| hedo- | pleasure | Greek | ἡδονή (hēdonē) | hedonism |
| hel-, heli-, helio- | sun | Greek | helios "sun" | heliocentric, heliotrope, helium |
| hemi- | half | Greek | ἥμισυς (hēmisus) | hemicycle, hemisphere |
| hen- | one | Greek | ἕν (hen) | henad, hyphen |
| hendec- | eleven | Greek | ἕνδεκα (hendeka) | hendecagon |
| hept- | seven | Greek | ἑπτά (hepta) | heptagon, heptathlon, heptode |
| her-, hes- | cling | Latin | haerere, haesus | adhesive, coherent |
| herb- | grass | Latin | herba | herbal, herbicide |
| hered- | heir | Latin | heres, heredis | heredity |
| herp- | creep | Greek | ἕρπω, ἕρπειν (herpō, herpein) | herpes, herpetology |
| heter-, hetero- | different, other | Greek | ἕτερος (heteros) | heterodoxy, heterogenous, heterochromatin |
| heur- | find | Greek | εὑρίσκω (heuriskō) | heuristic |
| hex- | six | Greek | ἕξ (hex) | hexagon, hexahedron, hexode |
| hibern- | wintry | Latin | hibernus | hibernation |
| hiem- | winter | Latin | hiems | hiemal |
| hier-, hiero- | sacred, holy | Greek | ἱερός (hieros) | hierarchy, hieroglyphics |
| hipp-, hippo- | horse | Greek | hippos "horse" | hippodrome, hippopotamus |
| hirsut- | hairy | Latin | hirtus, hirsutus | hirsute |
| hispid- | bristly | Latin | hispidus | hispidity, hispidulous |
| histri- | actor | Latin | histrio, histrionis | histrionic |
| hod-, od- | way, a going, a traveling, journey | Greek | hodos | cathode, herpolhode, hodometer |
| hol-, holo- | whole, entire, complete | Greek | holos "whole, entire, complete," from PIE root *sol- "whole" | holistic, holography |
| hom-, homo-, homeo-, homoi- | same, the same, equal, even, like, similar, one and the same, belonging to two or more jointly | Greek | ὁμός (homos), homio-, homoios | homophone, homozygous, homoiousian, homeopath |
| homal- | even, flat | Greek | ὁμαλός (homalos) | anomalous |
| home- | like | Greek | ὅμοιος (homoios) | homeostasis |
| homin- | human | Latin | homo, hominis | hominid |
| honor- | esteem | Latin | honos, honoris | honorable, honorarium |
| hor- | boundary | Greek | ὅρος (horos) | aphorism, horizon |
| hor-, horo- | hour, time | Greek | ὥρα (hōra) | horoscope, horology, hour |
| horm- | that which excites | Greek | ὁρμή (hormē) | hormone |
| hort- | garden | Latin | hortus, horti | horticulture |
| hospit- | host | Latin | hospes, hospitis | hospital, hospitality, inhospitable, hospice |
| host- | enemy | Latin | hostis | hostile |
| hum- | earth, ground, soil | Latin | humus, humare | exhumation, inhume, humus |
| hyal- | glass | Greek | ὕαλος (hualos) | hyaline, hyaloid |
| hydr-, hydro- | water | Greek | ὕδωρ (hudōr), hydro-, hydor | hydraulics, hydrology, hydrolysis, hydrophily, hydrophobia, hydroponic, hydrous |
| hygr- | wet | Greek | ὑγρός (hugros) | hygrometer |
| hyo- | U-shaped | Greek | ὑοειδής (huoeidēs) | hyoid |
| hyp-, hypo- | under, beneath | Greek | ὑπό (hupo/hypo), from PIE base *upo-; In chemistry, indicating a lesser oxidation. | hypothermia |
| hyper- | above, over | Greek | ὑπέρ (huper) | hyperbole, hypertonic |
| hypn-, hypno- | sleep | Greek | ὕπνος (hupnos) | hypnosis |
| hyster- | later | Greek | ὕστερος (husteros) | hysteresis |
| ichthy- | fish | Greek | ἰχθύς (ichthus) | ichthyology |
| icos- | twenty | Greek | εἴκοσι (eikosi) | icosagon, icosahedron |
| id- | shape | Greek | εἶδος (eidos) | idol |
| ide- | idea; thought | Greek | ιδέα (ideal) | ideogram, ideology |
| idi- | personal | Greek | ἴδιος (idios) | idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiot |
| ign- | fire | Latin | ignis | igneous, ignition |
| in- (1), il-, im-, ir- | into, in, on, upon | Latin | in | import, incur, intend, invite |
| in- (2), il-, im-, ir- | not, opposite of, without, un- (negation) | Latin | in- | illicit, impossible, inimical, irrational |
| infra- | below, under | Latin | infra | infrastructure |
| insul- | island | Latin | insula | insular, insulation |
| inter-, enter-, entre- | among, between | Latin | inter (preposition); Spelled entre- in French, most words borrowed into English in that form were re-spelled 16c. to conform with Latin except entertain, enterprise. | intercollegiate, intermission, intersection, entertain, enterprise |
| intra- | within, inside, on the inside | Latin | intra, Commonly opposed to extra- | intramural |
| irasc-, irat- | angry | Latin | iratus, past participle of irasci "be angry," from ira "anger" (see ire). | irascible, irate, ire |
| irid- | rainbow | Latin | iris | iridescent |
| is-, iso- | equal, the same | Greek | ἴσος (isos) | isometric, isomorphic, isotropic |
| iter- | again | Latin | iterum, iterare | iteration |
| itiner- | route, way | Latin | iter, itineris – march, journey | itinerary |
| jac- | lie | Latin | jacēre "to be thrown" | adjacent |
| jac-, -ject- | cast, throw | Latin | iacere, iectus | ejaculate, eject, reject, interject, trajectory |
| janu- | door | Latin | janua | janitor |
| joc- | joke | Latin | jocus | jocularity |
| judic-, judici- | judge | Latin | iudicare "judge", from iudex (genitive iudicis) "judge", compound of ius "right, law" + root of dicere "say, speak" | adjudicate, judicial |
| jug- | yoke | Latin | jugare, jugum | conjugal, subjugate |
| jung-, junct- | join | Latin | jungere, junctus | conjunction, juncture |
| junior- | younger | Latin | junior | juniority |
| ju-, jus-, jur-, juri-, juris- | law, right, justice; swear | Latin | ius, iuris, iurare | jury, justice, abjure |
| juv-, jut- | help | Latin | juvare, jutus | adjutant |
| juven- | young, youth | Latin | juvenis (iuvenis) "young, youth", cognate with junior / iunior (comparative of juvenis / iuvenis) "younger". | juvenile, rejuvenate |
| juxta- | beside, near, close to, next to | Latin | juxta, iuxta is a contraction of *iugista (adv.), superlative of adjective *iugos "closely connected," from stem of iugum "yoke," from iungere "join", from PIE *yeug- "join" (cf.G: zygon "yoke," zeugnyanai "join, unite;" OE: geoc "yoke") | juxtaposition |
| kil(o)- | thousand | Greek | χίλιοι (chilioi) | kilobyte, kilogram, kilometer |
| kine- | movement, motion | Greek | κινέω (kineō) | kinesthetic, kinetic energy, telekinesis |
| klept- | steal | Greek | κλέπτης (kleptēs) | kleptomania, kleptoplasty |
| kudo- | glory | Greek | κῦδος (kudos) | kudos |
| lab-, laps- | slide, slip | Latin | labi, lapsus | elapse, relapse |
| labi- | lip | Latin | labia, labiae | bilabial, labial |
| labor- | work | Latin | labor | collaboration, elaboration |
| lacer- | tear | Latin | lacerare (pp. laceratus) "tear to pieces, mangle," figuratively, "to slander, censure, abuse," from lacer "torn, mangled," from PIE root *lek- "to rend, tear" | laceration |
| lacrim- | cry, tears | Latin | lacrima "tear" | lacrimal, lacrimous |
| lact- | milk | Latin | lac, lactis, lactare | lactate, lactation, lactose |
| lamin-, lamino-, lamina-, lamn- lamell- | thin plate or layer or slice | Latin | lamina "thin piece of metal or wood, thin slice, plate, leaf, layer"; lamella "thin, small plate," diminutive of lamina | laminate, lamination |
| lamp- | torch | Greek | λαμπάς lampas | lamp |
| lapid- | stone | Latin | lapis, lapidis | lapidary |
| larg- | large | Latin | largus | enlargement |
| larv- | ghost, mask | Latin | larva | larva, larvae, larval |
| lat- | broad, wide | Latin | latus | latitude |
| later- | side | Latin | latus, lateris | bilateral |
| laud-, laus- | praise | Latin | laudere | laud, laudanum |
| lav- | wash | Latin | lavare (pp. lavatus) "wash", cognate with Latin luere "wash" | lavatory |
| lax- | loose, loosen, slack, slacken, open, make wide, undo | Latin | laxus, laxare | laxative, relaxation |
| lecith- | egg yolk | Greek | λέκιθος lekithos | lecithin |
| led-, les- | hurt | Latin | laedere, laesus | lesion |
| leg-, legi-, legis-, legitim- | law | Latin | lex (genitive legis) "law," possibly related to legere "gather," on notion of "a collection of rules" | legal, legislative |
| leg- | send, depute, send as a deputy, send with a commission, bequeath | Latin | legare "send as a deputy, send with a commission, bequeath," from lex (genitive legis) "contract, law" | relegate |
| lei- | smooth | Greek | λεῖος leios | leiomyoma |
| lekan- | dish, pot | Greek | λεκάνη lekane | lekane |
| leni-, len- | mild, gentle, calm, soft | Latin | lenire "to soften, alleviate, mitigate, allay, calm," from lenis "mild, gentle, calm" | leniency |
| leon- | lion | Latin | leo, leonis | Leo, leonine, Leopold |
| lep-, lepido-, lepid-, lepo-, -lepis, lepro-, lepr- | flake, scale | Greek | lepis (genitive lepidos) "(fish) scale" (related to lepein "to peel," from PIE root *lep- "to peel, scale" (see leaf (n.)), see leper); lepra "leprosy," from fem. of lepros (adj.) "scaly" | Lepidoptera, lepidosis |
| leps- | grasp, seize | Greek | λῆψις lepsis | epilepsy |
| leuc-, leuk- | white | Greek | λευκός leukos | leucocyte |
| lev-, levi-, liev- | light in weight, not heavy; lighten, raise, lift up | Latin | levare "raise," from levis "light" in weight, from PIE root *legwh- "light, having little weight; easy, agile" | elevator, levitation |
| liber- | free | Latin | liber, liberare | liberation, liberty |
| libr- | book | Latin | liber, libri | librarian, library |
| lig-, liga-, ligat- | bind, tie | Latin | ligare (past participle ligatus) "bind, tie" | ligament, ligature |
| limac- | slug | Latin | limax, limacis | limacoid, limacon |
| lin- | line | Latin | linea | line, linearity |
| lingu- | language, tongue | Latin | lingua | bilingual, linguistic |
| linqu-, lict- | leave | Latin | linquere, lictus | relict, relinquish |
| lip- | fat | Greek | λίπος lipos | lipolysis |
| liter- | letter | Latin | littera | alliteration, illiterate, literacy, literal, obliterate |
| lith-, litho-, -lite | stone, rock | Greek | λίθος (lithos); French -lite, variant of -lithe | lithosphere, megalith, monolith, Neolithic Era, oolite |
| loc-, loco- | place | Latin | locare (pp. locatus) "place", loco "from a place" (ablative of locus "place") | local, location |
| log-, logo- | ratio, proportion; word, speech, say, speak, discourse, thought, idea, account, reason; count, reckon | Greek | λόγος logos | logic, monologue, morphological, philology |
| long- | long | Latin | longus | elongate, longitude |
| loqu-, locut-, loqui- | speak | Latin | loqui (pp. locutus) "speak" | allocution, eloquence |
| luc- | bright, shine, light | Latin | lucere, lux (genitive lucis) | Lucifer (bearer of light) |
| lud-, lus- | play | Latin | ludere, lusus | allude, illusion |
| lumin- | light | Latin | lumen (genitive luminis) "light," related to lucere "shine" | illumination, luminous |
| lun- | moon | Latin | luna | lunar, lunatic |
| lysis | dissolving | Greek | λύσις (lusis) | analysis, cytolysis, hydrolysis |
| macr-, macro- | long, large, abnormally large, on a large scale | Greek | μακρός (makros) | macron |
| magn- | great, large | Latin | magnus | magnanimous, magnificent, magnitude |
| maj- | greater | Latin | major, majus | majesty, majority, majuscule |
| mal-, male-, mali- | bad, badly, ill, poorly, wrong, wrongly, evil, wretched | Latin | male, malus (fem. mala, neuter malum) | malfeasance, malicious, malignancy, malodorous |
| mamm-, mammo- | breast | Latin | mamma | mammal, mammary gland |
| man- | flow | Latin | mānāre, manatus | emanate, emanationism, immanant, immanation |
| man- | stay | Latin | manēre, mansus | immanence, immanent, manse, permanence, permanent, remanence, remanent |
| mand- | order | Latin | mandāre, mandatus | mandate, remand |
| mania | mental illness | Greek | μανία (manίā) | kleptomania, maniac |
| man-, manu- | hand | Latin | manus | manual, manuscript, manufacture |
| mar- | sea | Latin | mare, maris | marine, maritime |
| mater-, matr-, matri- | mother | Latin | mater, matris | maternity, matriarch, matrix |
| maxim- | greatest | Latin | maximus | maximum |
| medi-, -midi- | middle | Latin | medius, mediare | median, medieval |
| meg-, mega-, megal-, megalo- | great, large; one million | Greek | μέγας (megas), (fem. megale), (genitive megalou) | megaphone, megawatt, acromegaly, megalomania |
| mei- | less | Greek | μεῖον (meiōn) | meiosis |
| melan- | black, dark | Greek | μέλας (melas) | Melanesia, melanoma |
| melior- | better | Latin | melior | amelioration |
| mell- | honey | Latin | mel, mellis | mellifluous |
| memor- | remember | Latin | memor | memorial |
| mening- | membrane | Greek | μήνιγξ (meninx) | meningitis |
| men-, meno- | month | Greek | men (genitive menos) "month" | menopause |
| menstru- | monthly | Latin | menstruus (mens-truus) "monthly," from mensis "month" | menstrual, menstruation |
| mensur- | measure | Latin | mensura | commensurate |
| ment- | mind | Latin | mens, mentis | demented, mentality |
| mer- | part | Greek | μέρος (meros) | polymer |
| merc- | reward, wages, hire | Latin | merx, mercis | mercantile, mercenary, merchant |
| merg-, mers- | dip, sink, plunge | Latin | mergere; -mergere (past participle -mersus) | emerge, immersion |
| meso-, mes-, mesi- | middle, intermediate; close to a center line; between | Greek | mesos "middle, in the middle; middling, moderate; between" (see medial (adj.)). | mesolithic, mesozoic |
| meter-, metr- | measure | Greek | μέτρον (metron) | metric, thermometer |
| meta- | above, among, beyond | Greek | μετά (meta) | metaphor, metaphysics |
| mic- | grain | Latin | mica | micelle |
| micr-, micro- | small; microscopic; one millionth | Greek | μικρός (mikros) | microphone, microscope |
| migr- | wander | Latin | migrare | emigrant, migrate |
| milit- | soldier | Latin | miles, militis | military, militia |
| mill- | thousand | Latin | mille | millennium, million |
| millen- | thousand each | Latin | milleni | millenary |
| mim- | imitator, mimic, mime | Greek | μίμος (mimos) | mime, mimic |
| min- | jut, jut out, project | Latin | minere "jut out, project" related to mons "hill" (see mount, montem (nominative mons) "mountain," from PIE root *men- "jut, jut out, stand out, project") | prominent |
| min- | less, smaller | Latin | minor, minus | minority, minuscule, minutiae |
| mir- | wonder, amazement | Latin | miror, mirari, miratus sum | admire, miracle, mirror |
| mis-, miso- | hate, hater, hatred | Greek | μῖσος (misos), misein | misandry, misogyny, misogamy |
| misce-, mixt- | mix | Latin | miscere, mixtus | miscellaneous, mixture |
| mit- | thread | Greek | μίτος (mitos) | mitochondrion, mitosis |
| mitt-, miss-, -mit | send, let go | Latin | mittere; missus, pp. of mittere | intermittent, missionary, transmission |
| mne- | memory | Greek | μνήμη (mnēmē) | amnesia, mnemonic |
| mol- | grind | Latin | mola, molere, molitus | molar |
| moll- | soft | Latin | mollis | emollient, mollify |
| mon-, mono- | one, single, alone, only | Greek | μόνος (monos) | monism, monolith, monotone |
| monil- | string of beads | Latin | monile | Moniliformida |
| mont-, mount- | mountain | Latin | mons, montis | Montana |
| mord- | bite | Latin | mordere, morsus | mordacious, morsel, remorse |
| morph- | form, shape | Greek | μορφή (morphē) | anthropomorphism, morpheme, morphology |
| mort-, mortu- | death | Latin | mors (genitive mortis) "death"; mortuus "dead", past participle of mori "die"; from PIE root *mer- "die, wither, quench, extinguish; wear away, rub away, harm" | immortal, mortality, mortuary |
| mov-, mot- | move, motion | Latin | movere, motus | mobile, momentum, motor, move |
| mulg-, muls- | milk | Latin | mulgere | emulsion |
| mult- | many, much | Latin | multus | multiple, multiplex, multitude |
| mur- | wall | Latin | murus (genitive muralis) | immured, mural |
| mus- | thief | Latin | mus, muris | mouse |
| musc- | fly | Latin | musca, muscae | Muscicapidae, Muscidae |
| mut- | change | Latin | mutare | mutation |
| my- | mouse | Greek | μῦς (mus) | musophobia |
| myri- | countless, ten thousand | Greek | μυρίος (murios) | myriad, myriapod |
| myrmec- | ant | Greek | μύρμηξ (murmēx) | myrmecoid, Myrmidons |
| myth- | story | Greek | μῦθος (muthos) | mythic, mythology |
| myx-, myxo- | slime, mucus | Greek | myxa "mucus; lamp wick" (see mucus). | Myxini, myxoma |
| myz- | suck | Greek | μυζάω (muzaō) | Myzopoda |
| nar- | nostril | Latin | naris | naris |
| narc- | numb | Greek | νάρκη (narkē) | narcosis, narcotic |
| narr- | tell | Latin | narrare | narrative |
| nas- | nose | Latin | nasus | nasal |
| nasc-, naiss-, nat-, gnat-, gn- | born, be born | Latin | natus, past participle of nasci "be born" (Old Latin gnasci); gnatus, past participle of gnasci, older form of nasci; gn- is the root of gnasci "be born" | nascent, native |
| naut- | sailor | Greek | nautes "sailor," from naus "ship," from PIE *nau- "boat" | Argonaut, astronaut |
| nav-, nau-, naus- | ship | Latin and Greek | navis, naus; from PIE *nau- "boat" | naval, naufragous |
| ne- | new | Greek | νέος (neos) | neologism |
| necr- | dead | Greek | νεκρός (nekros) | necrophobia |
| nect- | swimming | Greek | νηκτός (nēktos) | nectopod |
| nect-, nex- | join, tie | Latin | nectere, nexus | connect, nexus |
| neg- | say no | Latin | negare | negative |
| nema- | hair | Greek | νῆμα (nēma) | nematode |
| nemor- | grove, woods | Latin | nemus, nemoris | nemoral |
| nephr- | kidney | Greek | νεφρός (nephros) | nephritis |
| nes- | island | Greek | νῆσος (nēsos) | Polynesia |
| neur- | nerve | Greek | νευρών (neurōn) | neurology, neurosurgeon |
| nict- | wink | Latin | nictari | nictation |
| nigr- | black | Latin | niger | denigrate |
| nihil- | nothing | Latin | nihilum | annihilation |
| noct- | night | Latin | nox, noctis | noctambulist, nocturnal |
| nod- | knot | Latin | nodus | node, nodule |
| nom- | arrangement, law | Greek | νόμος (nomos) | autonomous, taxonomy |
| nomad- | those who let pasture herds | Greek | νομάς, νομάδος (nomas, nomados) | nomadic |
| nom-, nomi-, nomen-, nomin-, nomini- | name | Latin | nomen (genitive nominis) "name"; nomius, from nomen; from PIE *nomn- "name" | nomination |
| non- | not | Latin | non | none |
| non- | ninth | Latin | nonus | nonary |
| nonagen- | ninety each | Latin | nonageni | nonagenary |
| nonagesim- | ninetieth | Latin | nonagesimus | nonagesimal |
| not- | letter, note, paper | Latin | notare | annotation, notable |
| noth- | spurious | Greek | νόθος (nothos) | nothogenus |
| noto- | back, south | Greek | νότος (notos) | notochord |
| nov- | nine | Latin | novem | November, novennial |
| nov- | new | Latin | novus | innovation, nova |
| noven- | nine each | Latin | noveni | novenary |
| novendec- | nineteen | Latin | novendecim | |
| nox-, noc- | harmful | Latin | noxa | noxious |
| nu- | nod | Latin | nuere | innuendo |
| nub- | to marry, to wed | Latin | nubes, nubis, nubere | connubial, nubile |
| nuc- | nut | Latin | nux (genitive nucis) "nut", cognate with English nut. | nucleus |
| nuch- | back of neck | Latin | nucha | nuchal cord |
| nud- | naked | Latin | nudus | denude, nudity |
| null- | none | Latin | nullus | nullify |
| numer- | number | Latin | numerus | numeral |
| nunci- | announce | Latin | nuntius | pronunciation |
| nupti- | pertaining to marriage | Latin | nuptialis | nuptial |
| nutri- | nourish | Latin | nutrire | nutrient |
| ob-, obs-, o-, oc-, of-, og-, op-, os- | to, toward, toward to; against; across, over, upon; down; completely, intensive prefix; before, in front of; behind, after, at the back, backward | Latin | ob | obstinate, obstreperous, occur, offend, omit, oppose, ostentatious |
| oct- | eight | Greek | ὀκτώ (oktō) | octagon, octahedron, octode |
| oct- | eight | Latin | octō | octangular, octennial, octovir |
| octav- | eighth | Latin | octāvus | octaval |
| octogen- | eighty each | Latin | octogeni | octogenary |
| octogesim- | eightieth | Latin | octogesimus | octogesimal |
| octon- | eight each | Latin | octoni | octonary |
| ocul- | eye | Latin | oculus, oculare | ocular, oculus, ullage |
| hod-, od- | way, a going, a traveling, journey | Greek | hodos | anode, diode, odometer, pentode, tetrode, triode |
| od- | hate | Latin | odium | odious |
| odon-, odont- | tooth | Greek | odon (genitive odontos) "tooth" | odontology |
| odor- | fragrant | Latin | odor | odorous |
| oeco- | house | Greek | οἶκος (oikos) | ecology |
| oed- | swollen | Greek | οἴδημα (oidēma) | oedema |
| oen- | wine | Greek | οἶνος (oinos) | oenology |
| oesophag- | gullet | Greek | οἰσοφάγος (oisophagos) | oesophagus |
| ogdo- | eighth | Greek | ὄγδοος (ogdoos) | ogdoad |
| -oid | like | Greek | -οειδής (-oeidēs) | asteroid, mucoid, organoid |
| ole- | oil | Latin | oleum | oleosity |
| olecran- | skull of elbow | Latin from Greek | ὠλέκρανον (ōlekranon) | olecranon |
| olig-, oligo- | small, little, few | Greek | ὀλίγος (oligos) | oligarchy |
| oliv- | olive | Latin | oliva | olivaceous, olivary, olivette |
| -oma | cancer | Greek | -ωμα | melanoma |
| omas- | paunch | Latin | omasum | omasum |
| oment- | fat skin | Latin | omentum | omental |
| omin- | creepy | Latin | omen, ominis | abominable, ominous |
| omm- | eye | Greek | ὄμμα (omma) | ommatidium |
| omni- | all | Latin | omnis | omnipotence, omnivore |
| omo- | shoulder | Greek | ὦμος omos | omohyoid |
| omphal- | navel | Greek | ὀμφαλός (omphalos) | omphalectomy |
| oner- | burden | Latin | onus (genitive oneris) "burden" | exonerate, onerous |
| onym-, onom-, onomat-, onomas- | name | Greek | onyma, dialectal form of onoma "name"; onoma (genitive onomatos) "name"; onomazein from onoma; from PIE *nomn- "name" | onomatopoeia |
| ont- | existing | Greek | ὄντος (ontos) | ontogeny, ontology |
| onym-, onom-, onomat-, onomas- | name | Greek | onyma, dialectal form of onoma "name"; onoma (genitive onomatos) "name"; onomazein from onoma; from PIE *nomn- "name" | antonym, pseudonym, synonym |
| oo- | egg | Greek | ᾠόν (oion) | oocyte |
| opac- | shady | Latin | opacus | opacity |
| op-, oper- | work | Latin | opus (genitive operis) "work, labor, exertion" (source of Italian opera, French oeuvre), from PIE root *op- "work, produce in abundance" | inoperable, opera |
| opercul- | little cover | Latin | operculum | |
| ophi- | snake | Greek | ὄφις (ophis) | ophiophagy |
| ophthalm- | eye | Greek | ὀφθαλμός (ophthalmos) | ophthalmology |
| opisth- | behind | Greek | ὄπισθεν (opisthen) | opisthosoma, opsimath |
| opoter- | either | Greek | ὁπότερος (hopoteros) | |
| opt-, opto-, ops- | seen, visible, sight | Greek | optos "seen, visible," from ops (genitive opos) "eye" from PIE *okw- "see" | optical |
| opt- | choose | Latin | optare | adopt, optional |
| optim- | best | Latin | optimus | optimum |
| or- | mouth | Latin | os, oris | oral, orator |
| orb- | circle | Latin | orbis | orbit |
| orch- | testicle | Greek | ὄρχις (orchis) | orchid |
| ordin- | order | Latin | ōrdō, ordinis | ordinal, ordinary |
| organ- | organ, instrument, tool | Greek | ὄργανον (organon) | organism |
| ori-, ort- | eastern | Latin | oriri, ortus | orient |
| orn- | decorate | Latin | ōrnāre | adorn, ornament, ornate |
| ornith-, ornitho- | bird, birds | Greek | ὄρνις (ornis, ornithos) | ornithology |
| orth-, ortho- | straight, upright, rectangular, regular; right, true, correct, proper | Greek | ὀρθός (orthos) | orthodontist, orthodoxy, orthosis |
| oscillo-, oscill-, oscillat- | swing, vibrate | Latin | swing, vibrate; oscillare "swing," from oscillum "little face," literally "little mouth," from os (gen. oris) "mouth, face" (see oral) | oscillation |
| oss- | bone | Latin | os, ossis | ossification |
| osteo- | bone | Greek | ὀστοῦν (ostoun) | osteoporosis |
| osti- | entrance | Latin | ostium | ostiole |
| ostrac- | shell | Greek | ὄστρακον (ostrakon) | ostracism |
| ot- | ear | Greek | οὖς, ωτός (ous, ōtos) | otology |
| ov-, ovi- | egg | Latin | ovum, cognate with Greek oon, English egg | oval, ovary, ovule |
| ovi- | sheep | Latin | ovis | ovine |
| oxy- | sharp, pointed | Greek | ὀξύς (oxus) | oxygen, oxymoron |
| pac- | peace | Latin | pax, pacis | pacifism |
| pachy-, pacho-, pach- | thick, dense; large, massive | Greek | pachys "thick, large, massive" | pachydermata, Pachypodium |
| paed- | child | Greek | παῖς, παιδός (pais, paidos) | paediatric |
| pagin- | page | Latin | pagina | pagination |
| pal- | stake, wooden post | Latin | palus | impalement, pale |
| pale-, paleo- | ancient, old | Greek | παλαιός (palaios) | paleontology |
| palin- | back | Greek | πάλιν (palin) | palindrome |
| pall-, pal- | be pale | Latin | pallere | pallid, pallor, pale, appal |
| palli- | cloak | Latin | pallium | pallium |
| palm- | palm | Latin | palma | palmate |
| palustr- | in marshes | Latin | paluster | palustral |
| pan-, pam-, pant-, panto- | all | Greek | pan-, combining form of pas (neuter pan, masculine and neuter genitive pantos) "all," from PIE *pant- "all" | pandemic |
| pand-, pans- | spread, stretch | Latin | pandere (past participle pansus) "spread, stretch", from PIE root *pete- "spread" (see pace, petal, patent, pan, fathom). | expand, expansion |
| para-, par- | beside, alongside, near; beyond; contrary, against; irregular, abnormal | Greek | παρά (para) | parallel, parameter |
| pariet- | wall | Latin | paries, parietis | parietal |
| part-, parti- | divide, separate, distribute, share, part | Latin | partire, partere, from pars (genitive partis) | bipartite, partition |
| parthen- | maiden | Greek | παρθένος (parthenos) | Parthenon, parthenogenesis |
| parv- | little | Latin | parvus | parvovirus |
| pasc-, past- | feed | Latin | pascere, pastus | pasture, repast |
| pass- | pace, step | Latin | passus | pass, compass, pace |
| passer- | sparrow | Latin | passer | passeriform, passerine |
| pat- | be open | Latin | patere | patent |
| path-, patho-, pathet- | feeling, suffering, emotion; disease | Greek | pathos "feeling, suffering, disease"; pathetos, verbal adjective of pathein "suffer"; related to penthos "pain, grief, sorrow" (see nepenthe). | pathetic, pathology |
| pati-, pass- | suffer, endure, feel | Latin | pati, passio (from Late Latin use of passio to render Greek pathos.) | passive, patience |
| pater-, patr-, patri- | father | Greek | πατήρ, πατριά (patēr, patria) | patriarch |
| pater-, patr-, patri- | father | Latin | pater, patris | patrilocal |
| pauc- | few | Latin | paucus | paucal, pauciloquent, paucity |
| pav- | | Latin | pavire | pavement |
| pecc- | sin | Latin | peccare | impeccable |
| pect- | fixed | Greek | πηκτός (pēktos) | pectic, pectin |
| pector- | chest | Latin | pectus, pectoris | pectoral |
| pecu-, pecun-, pecul-, peculi- | cattle, property in cattle; private property; money; particular | Latin | pecunia "money, property, wealth," from pecu "cattle, flock"; peculium "private property," literally "property in cattle" (in ancient times the most important form of property), from pecu "cattle, flock," related to pecus "cattle" | pecuniary |
| ped-, pedo-, paed-, paedo- | boy, child | Greek | παῖς, παιδός (pais, paidos) | pedagogy |
| ped-, pedi- | foot | Latin | pes (genitive pedis) "foot"; pedem (nominative pes) "foot"; cognate with Greek pos, Attic pous, genitive podos | pedal, quadruped |
| pejor- | worse | Latin | pejor | pejorative |
| pell-, puls-, -pel | drive, push, strike, beat | Latin | pellere (past participle pulsus) | propellent, propulsor, repellent |
| pen- | almost | Latin | paene | peninsula, penultimate, penumbra |
| pend-, pens- | hang, weigh, pay | Latin | pendere (past participle pensus) "hang, weigh, pay" | suspend |
| penn-, pinn- | feather, wing | Latin | penna and pinna "a feather, plume;" in plural "a wing;" also "a pinnacle; battlement" (see pin (n.)) | pennate, pinnate |
| pent- | five | Greek | πέντε (pente) | pentagon, pentode, pentagrid |
| pentecost- | fiftieth | Greek | πεντηκοστός (pentēkostos) | pentecostalism |
| pept-, peps- | digest | Greek | πέσσειν, πεπτός (pessein, peptos); peptein, pepsis | peptic, peptide, pepsin |
| per-, par- | through, throughout; thoroughly; entirely, completely, utterly | Latin | per | perfection, permeate, persistence, pervade, pardon, parvenu |
| peran- | across, beyond | Greek | πέραν (peran) | |
| peri- | around, round about, about, enclosing | Greek | περί (peri) | perimeter, peripheral, periscope |
| persic- | peach | Greek | περσικός (persikos) | |
| pessim- | worst | Latin | pessimus | pessimal |
| pet- | strive towards | Latin | petere | appetite, competition |
| petr- | rock | Greek | πέτρα (petra) | petroglyph |
| phae- | dark | Greek | φαιός (phaios) | phaeomelanin |
| phag- | eat | Greek | φαγεῖν (phagein) | sarcophagus, phagocyte |
| phalang- | close formation of troops, finger bones | Greek | φάλαγξ, φάλαγγος (phalanx, phalangos) | phalanges |
| phalar- | having a patch of white | Greek | φάλαρος (phalāros)[1] | phalarope |
| pharmac- | drug, medicine | Greek | φάρμακον (pharmakon) | pharmacy |
| phaner- | visible | Greek | φανερός (phaneros) | phanerozoic |
| pher-, phor- | carry, bear, bring, variant of fer- | Greek | phoros, pherein | pheromone |
| phil-, philo- | love, loving, fond of, interested in, tending to; friend, friendly, friendship | Greek | philos, philein | hydrophile, philosophy |
| phleg- | heat | Greek | φλέγω (phlegō) | phlegm, phlegmatics |
| phloe- | tree bark | Greek | φλοιός (phloios) | phlobaphene, phloem |
| phob- | fear | Greek | φόβος (phobos) | hydrophobia |
| phon-, phono-, phonet- | sound, voice | Greek | phonetos, phonein, phono-, phone "sound, voice," related to phanai "speak", from PIE root *bha- (2) "speak, say, tell" | homophone, microphone, phonograph |
| pher-, phor- | carry, bear, bring, variant of fer- | Greek | phoros, pherein | metaphor |
| phos-, phot-, photo- | light | Greek | phos (genitive photos) "light"; phos, contraction of phaos "light" | phosphor, photograph |
| phragm- | fence | Greek | φράγμα (phragma) | diaphragm |
| phren- | diaphragm, mind | Greek | φρήν, φρενός (phrēn, phrenos) | phrenetic, schizophrenia |
| phryn- | toad, toad-like | Greek | φρύνη (phrunē) | Phrynobatrachus |
| phyl- | tribe | Greek | φύλον (phulon) | phylogenetics, phylum |
| phyll- | leaf | Greek | φύλλον (phullon) | chlorophyll, phyllotaxis |
| phys- | nature | Greek | φύσις (phusis) | physics |
| physalid- | bladder | Greek | φυσαλ(λ)ίς (phusal(l)is) | physalis |
| phyt- | plant | Greek | φυτόν (phuton) | neophyte, phytoplankton |
| pic- | pitch | Latin | pix, picis | |
| pil- | hair | Latin | pilus | depilatory, epilator |
| pin- | drink | Greek | πίνειν (pinein) | pinocytosis |
| pin- | pine | Latin | pinus | pineal gland |
| ping-, pict-, picto- | paint | Latin | pingere, pictus | depiction, picture |
| pingu- | fat | Latin | pinguis | Pinguicula |
| pir- | pear | Latin | pirus | piriformis muscle |
| pisc- | fish | Latin | piscis | Pisces, piscivore |
| pis- | pea | Greek | πίσος (pisos) | |
| plac- | plate, tablet | Greek | πλάξ, πλακός (plax, plakos) | |
| plac- | calm | Latin | placare, placatus | placate, placid |
| plac-, pleas- | please, give pleasure | Latin | placere "please, give pleasure" | placebo |
| plagi- | oblique | Greek | πλάγιος (plagios) | plagioclase |
| plan- | flat | Latin | planus | explanation, planar, plane |
| plang-, planct-, -plain-, -plaint-, plag- | beat, strike, lament (by beating the breast) | Latin | plangere, planctus | plangent, complain |
| plas- | mould | Greek | πλάθω (plathō) | plasma, plastic |
| platy- | flat, broad | Greek | πλατύς (platus) | platypus |
| plaud-, plaus- | clap, clap the hands, applaud, agree or accept by clapping hands | Latin | plaudere (-plausus, pp. of -plaudere) | applaud, applause |
| ple-, plet-, -ply | fill | Latin | plere "fill"; -ply, from Old French -plier, from -plere (past participle -pletus) | complement, suppletion |
| pleb- | people | Latin | plebs, plebis | plebian, plebs |
| plec- | interwoven | Greek | πλέκω (plekō) | plectics, symplectomorphism |
| plect-, plex- | weave, braid, plait, twine, entwine, intertwine, entangle, fold | Latin | plectere (past participle plexus); from PIE root *plek- "plait, twist, fold" | perplex, complex |
| plen- | full | Latin | plenus | plenary |
| plesi- | near | Greek | πλησίος (plēsios) | |
| pleth- | full | Greek | πλῆθος (plēthos) | plethora |
| pleur- | side | Greek | πλευρά (pleura) | |
| plic-, plicat-, -plex, -ply | fold | Latin | plicare (past participle plicatus) "fold"; -ply, from Old French -plier, from Latin -plicare, from Latin -plex (genitive -plicis) "fold"; from PIE root *plek- "plait, twist, fold" | duplication, replicate |
| plinth- | brick | Greek | πλίνθος (plinthos) | |
| plor- | | Latin | plorare | implore |
| plu- | rain | Latin | pluere | |
| plum- | feather | Latin | pluma | plumage, plumate |
| plumb- | lead | Latin | plumbum | plumber |
| plur- | more | Latin | pluris | plural |
| plurim- | most | Latin | plurimus | |
| plus- | more | Latin | plus | surplus |
| plut- | wealth | Greek | πλοῦτος (ploutos) | plutocracy |
| pluvi- | rain | Latin | pluvia | pluvial |
| pneu- | air, lung | Greek | πνεῦμα (pneuma) | pneumatic |
| pod- | foot | Greek | πούς, ποδός (pous, podos) | podiatry, tripod |
| pogon- | beard | Greek | πώγων, πώγωνος (pōgōn, pōgōnos) | pogonotrophy |
| poie- | make | Greek | ποιέω (poieō) | poiesis |
| pol- | pole, end of an axis | Greek or Latin | πόλος (polos), polus | dipole, polar |
| polit-, polis-, polic- | citizen, city, state, civil administration | Greek | πόλις (polis), polites | metropolis, politics, policy, police |
| polem- | war | Greek | πόλεμος (polemos) | polemic |
| poli- | grey | Greek | πολιός (polios) | poliomyelitis |
| pollic- | thumb | Latin | pollex, pollicis | pollicate |
| pollin- | fine flour | Latin | pollen, pollinis | pollination |
| poly- | many | Greek | πολύς (polus), polys | polygon |
| pon-, posit-, pos-, post- | put, set, place | Latin | ponere, positus; Old French poser from positus; *postus contracted from positus | component, position, postpone |
| ponder- | weight | Latin | pondus, ponderis | preponderance |
| pont- | bridge | Latin | pons, pontis | pontoon |
| popul- | people | Latin | populus, populare | population |
| por- | passage | Greek | πόρος (poros) | pore, porosity |
| porc- | pig | Latin | porcus | porcine, pork |
| porphyr-, purpur- | purple | Greek | πορφύρα (porphura), porphyra, porphyros, purpura | porphyrin, purpura, porphyry |
| port- | gate | Latin | porta | portal |
| port- | carry | Latin | portare, portatus | export, transportation, portable |
| post- | after, afterward, behind | Latin | post | posterior, postscript |
| pot- | drink | Latin | potus, potare | potable |
| potam-, potamo- | river | Greek | potamos "river" | hippopotamus, Mesopotamia |
| prasin- | leek-green | Greek | πράσινος (prasinos) | prasinous |
| prat- | meadow | Latin | pratum | |
| prav- | crooked | Latin | pravus | depravity |
| pre-, prae- | before | Latin | prae | previous |
| prec- | pray | Latin | prex, precis, precāri | deprecation |
| pred- | prey | Latin | praeda, praedari | predator |
| prehend-, prend-, prehens- | grasp | Latin | prehendere, prehensus | comprehend, prehensility |
| prem-, -prim-, press- | press, push | Latin | premere, pressus | pressure, compress |
| presby- | old | Greek | πρέσβυς (presbus) | Presbyterianism |
| preter- | past | Latin | praeter | preterite, pretermission |
| preti- | price | Latin | pretium, pretiare | |
| prim-, prin-, primi-, primo-, prima- | first | Latin | primus, primo, prima | primary, primeval, primitive |
| prior- | former | Latin | prior | priority |
| priv-, privi- | one's own, individual; separate, deprive, privation | Latin | privare "separate, deprive", from privus "one's own, individual" | deprivation, privilege |
| pro-, por-, pur- | before, in front of, forward | Greek | πρό (pro) | prologue, prostate |
| pro-, por-, pur- | forward, forth, toward the front; beforehand, in advance; in place of, instead of, on behalf of | Latin | pro | proclaim, proceed, prohibit, provide, procure, proconsul, pronoun |
| prob- | worthy, good | Latin | probus, probare | probation |
| proct- | anus | Greek | πρωκτός (prōktos) | proctology |
| propri- | one's own, ownership | Latin | proprietas | appropriate, property, propriety |
| pros- | forward | Greek | πρός (pros) | prosenchyma, prosthesis |
| prot-, proto- | first, original | Greek | πρῶτος (prōtos) | protoplasm |
| proxim- | nearest | Latin | proximus, proximare | approximate, proximity |
| prun- | plum | Latin | prunus | prune |
| psamm- | sand | Greek | ψάμμος (psammos) | psammite, psammophyte, psammosere, psammous |
| pseud- | false | Greek | ψευδής (pseudēs) | pseudonym |
| psil- | bare | Greek | ψιλός (psilos) | epsilon |
| psych- | mind | Greek | ψυχή (psuchē) | psycho, psychology |
| psychr- | cold | Greek | ψυχρός (psuchros) | psychrometer |
| ptero-, pter-, -ptera, -pteron, -pteryx, -ptery | feather; wing, winglike | Greek | πτερόν (pteron) | helicopter, pterodactyl |
| pto- | fall | Greek | πτῶσις (ptōsis) | ptosis |
| ptyal- | saliva | Greek | πτύον (ptuon) | |
| ptych- | fold, layer | Greek | πτύξ, πτυχή (ptuchē) | triptych |
| pub-, puber-, pubert- | grown up, adult, full-grown, sexually mature; hair that appears on the body at the age of puberty, the private parts, genital area | Latin | puber (gen. puberis) "grown up, adult, full-grown", pubes (gen. pubis) "hair that appears on the body at the age of puberty, the private parts, genital area", pubertis | pubescent, pubic |
| public- | | Latin | publicus | publication |
| pude- | shame | Latin | pudere | impudent, pudendum |
| pugn- | fight | Latin | pugna, pugnare | pugnacious, repugnant |
| pulchr- | beautiful | Latin | pulcher, pulchri | pulchritude |
| pulmon- | lung | Latin | pulmo, pulmonis | pulmonary |
| pulver- | dust | Latin | pulvis, pulveris | pulverize |
| pung-, punct- | prick | Latin | pungere, punctus | puncture, pungent |
| puni- | punish | Latin | punire, punitus | impunity, punitive |
| pup- | doll | Latin | pupa | pupa, puppet |
| pur- | pure | Latin | purus | impurity, purify |
| purg- | cleanse, make clean, purify | Latin | purgare "cleanse, make clean, purify", from Old Latin purigare, from purus "pure" + root of agere "drive, make" | expurgate, purgatory, purge |
| purpur- | purple | Latin | purpura | purpura |
| put- | cut, prune; reckon, think, count, consider | Latin | putare "reckon, think, count, consider," literally "cut, prune"; 引申义: 快刀斩乱麻，理清思路，修剪、修整、整理思路 | compute, putative |
| pyg- | rump | Greek | πυγή (pugē) | pygostyle, callipygian |
| pyl- | gate | Greek | πυλών, πυλῶνος (pulōn) | pylon |
| pyr- | heat, fire | Greek | πῦρ, πυρός (pur, puros) | pyrolysis |
| quadr- | four | Latin | quattuor | quadrangle, quadrillion |
| quadragen- | forty each | Latin | quadrageni | quadragenary |
| quadragesim- | fortieth | Latin | quadragesimus | quadragesimal |
| quart- | fourth | Latin | quartus | quartary, quartile |
| quasi- | as if | Latin | quasi | quasar |
| quatern- | four each | Latin | quaterni | quaternary, quaternion |
| quati-, quass- | shake | Latin | quatere | |
| quer-, -quir-, quesit-, -quisit-, quest- | seek, search, look for; ask, inquire, require, demand; gain, seek to obtain, strive, endeavor, strive to gain | Latin | quaerere, quaesitus, questa | Inquisition, query |
| qui- | rest | Latin | quies | quiet, requiem |
| quin- | five each | Latin | quini | quinary |
| quindecim- | fifteenth | Latin | quindecimus | quindecimal |
| quinden- | fifteen each | Latin | quindeni | quindenary |
| quinque- | five | Latin | quinque | quinquennium |
| quint- | fifth | Latin | quintus | quintary, quintile |
| quot- | how many, how great | Latin | quotiens | quota, quotient |
| rad-, ras- | scrape, shave | Latin | radere, rasus | abrade, abrasion, erasure |
| radi-, radio- | ray, ray-like; radial, radius; by means of radiant energy; radioactive; by radio | Latin | radius, radiare | radiance, radiation |
| radic- | root | Latin | rādix, rādīcis | eradicate, radical |
| ram- | branch | Latin | rāmus | ramification, ramose |
| ran- | frog | Latin | rana | Rana |
| ranc- | rancidness, grudge, bitterness | Latin | rancere | rancid, rancor |
| rap-, rapt-, rapac-, rapaci-, rav- | seize, plunder, seize by force, carry away by force, carry away suddenly or rapidly | Latin | rapere (pp. raptus); rapax (genitive rapacis) "grasping, plundering," from rapere "seize"; Old French ravir, from rapere. | rape, rapture, rapacity, ravish |
| raph- | seam | Greek | ῤαφή (rhaphē) | |
| rar- | rare | Latin | rarus | rarity |
| rauc- | harsh, hoarse | Latin | raucus | raucous |
| re-, red- | back; again, anew, once more, repeatedly; opposite, against, away; intensive prefix | Latin | re-; red-, the -d- is from the Old Latin habit of using red- as the form of re- before vowels. | recede, redact |
| reg-, -rig-, rect- | keep straight, lead straight, straighten, guide, lead, rule, direct; straight, right, correct | Latin | regere; -rectus, past participle of -rigere or -regere; (compare Old English rice "kingdom," -ric "king," rice "rich, powerful," riht "correct") | dirigible, erect, erection, rectum |
| rem- | oar | Latin | remus | bireme, trireme |
| ren- | kidney | Latin | renes | renal |
| rep-, rept- | crawl, creep | Latin | repere, reptus | reptile |
| ret- | net | Latin | rete | reticle, retina |
| retro- | backward, behind | Latin | retro | retrograde, retrospective, retrovirus |
| rhabd- | rod | Greek | ῥάβδος (rhabdos) | rhabdoid, rhabdom |
| rhach-, rach- | spine | Greek | ῥάχις, ῥάχεως (rhachis) | rhachiodont |
| rhag- | tear, rent | Greek | ῥαγίζω | rhagades |
| rhe- | flow | Greek | ῥεῖν (rhein) | rheostat |
| rhig- | chill | Greek | ῥῖγος (rhigos) | rhigosaurus |
| rhin- | nose, snout | Greek | ῥίς, ῥινός (rhis, rhinos) | rhinoceros, rhinoplasty |
| rhiz- | root | Greek | ῥίζα (rhiza) | rhizome |
| rhod- | rose | Greek | ῥόδον (rhodon) | rhododendron |
| rhomb- | spinning top | Greek | ῥόμβος (rhombos) | rhombus |
| rhynch- | snout | Greek | ῥύγχος | Rhynchobatus |
| rid-, ris- | laugh | Latin | ridere, risus | derision, ridicule |
| robor- | oak, strength | Latin | robur, roboris | corroboration |
| rod-, ros- | gnaw | Latin | rodere, rosus | corrode, erosion, rodent |
| rog- | ask, ask for, request, propose | Latin | rogare "ask, ask for, request, propose" | derogatory, interrogation |
| rostr- | beak, prow | Latin | rostrum | rostral, rostriform, rostrum |
| rot- | wheel | Latin | rota, rotare | rotation, rotunda |
| ruber-, rubr- | red | Latin | ruber | rubric, ruby |
| rug- | wrinkle | Latin | ruga, rugare | corrugation |
| rumin- | throat | Latin | rumen, ruminis | rumination |
| rump-, rupt- | break | Latin | rumpere, ruptus | eruption, interrupt, rupture |
| rur-, ruri-, rus-, rust- | country, farm, open land; of the country, simple; live in the country | Latin | rus (genitive ruris) "open land, country" | rural, rustic |
| sacchar- | sugar | Latin | saccharum | saccharin, saccharine, oligosaccharide |
| sacr-, secr-, sacri-, sacra-, sacro-, sacer- | sacred, holy, devote | Latin | sacrare, from sacer (genitive sacri); nasalized form is sancire (pp. sanctus) "make sacred, confirm, ratify, decree". | consecrate, sacrament |
| sagac- | wise | Latin | sagax, sagacis | sagacity |
| sagitt- | arrow | Latin | sagitta | sagittal plane, Sagittaria |
| sal-, sali-, salin- | salt | Latin | salinum "salt cellar" and salinae "salt pits," from sal (genitive salis) "salt", cognate with Greek hals (genitive halos) "salt, sea" | salinity |
| sali-, -sili-, salt- | jump | Latin | salire, saltus | resilient, salient, saltus |
| salic- | willow | Latin | salix, salicis | salicin |
| salv- | safe, healthy, in good health; save, make safe, secure | Latin | salvus, salvare | salvation |
| san- | healthy | Latin | sanus | insane, sanity |
| sanc- | holy | Latin | sancire, sanctus | sanctify, sanctuary |
| sanguin- | blood | Latin | sanguis (genitive sanguinis) "blood" | consanguinity, sanguine |
| sapi-, -sipi- | taste, wise | Latin | sapere | insipience, sapient |
| sapon- | soap | Latin | sapo, saponis | saponification |
| sarc-, sarco- | flesh | Greek | sarx (genitive sarkos) "flesh" | sarcophagus, sarcasm |
| saur- | lizard, reptile | Greek | σαῦρος (sauros) | dinosaur |
| sax- | rock | Latin | saxum | |
| scab-, scabio-, scabi- | scratch, scrape, scabby | Latin | scabere "scratch, scrape" | scabies |
| scal- | ladder, stairs | Latin | scala | scalar, scale |
| scalen- | uneven | Greek | σκαληνός (skalēnos) | scalene muscles, scalene triangle |
| scand-, -scend-, scans-, -scens- | climb | Latin | scandere | ascend, transcendent, descend |
| scaph- | anything hollow, bowl, ship | Greek | σκάφη, σκάφος | scaphoid bone |
| scel- | leg, thigh | Greek | σκέλος, σκέλεος (skelos) | isosceles |
| schem- | plan | Greek | σχῆμα (schēma) | schematic |
| schis- | split | Greek | σχίζω, σχίσμα (schisma) | schism |
| sci- | know | Latin | scire | prescient, science |
| scind-, sciss- | cut, split, divide | Latin | scindere (*scissus, *scissa) | rescind, scissors |
| scler- | hard | Greek | σκληρός (sklēros) | scleroderma, sclerosis |
| scoli- | crooked | Greek | σκολιός (skolios) | scoliosis |
| scop-, scept-, skept- | look at, examine, view, observe, see, watch | Greek | σκέπτομαι, σκοπός (skopos), skeptesthai | horoscope, kaleidoscope, stethoscope |
| scrib-, script- | write | Latin | scribere (pp. scriptus) "write" | inscribe, scripture |
| sculp- | carve | Latin | sculpere, sculptus | sculpture |
| scut- | shield | Latin | scutum | scute |
| scyph- | cup | Greek | σκύφος (skyphos) | Scyphozoa |
| se-, sed- | apart, aside, without, on one's own | Latin | se-, sed-; from the preposition sed, se "without" and the conjunction sed "but"; from PIE reflexive base *swe-, *se (see self, suicide, Latin se "oneself" (genitive sui)). | secede, sedition |
| sebo-, seb-, sebi- | tallow, grease, animal fat | Latin | sebum "tallow, grease, animal fat," probably related to sapo "soap" (see soap). | sebaceous, sebum |
| sec-, sect-, seg- | cut | Latin | secare | secant, section, segment |
| sed- | settle, calm | Latin | sedare, sedatus | sedative |
| sed-, sid-, sidu-, sess- | sit | Latin | sedere (-sessus, pp. of -sidere; adjective -siduus, formed from -sidere) "sit", from PIE root *sed- "sit" | reside, sediment, session |
| sedec- | sixteen | Latin | sedecim | sedecimal |
| seget- | in cornfields | Latin | segetum | |
| sei- | shake | Greek | σείω, σεισμός (seismos) | seismograph |
| selen- | moon | Greek | selene | Selene, selenium |
| sell- | saddle, seat | Latin | sella | sella turcica |
| sema- | sign | Greek | σῆμα (sēma) | semantics, semaphore |
| semi- | half | Latin | semis | semifinal |
| semin- | seed | Latin | semen (genitive seminis) "seed" | insemination |
| sen- | old man | Latin | senex, senis | senator, senility |
| sen- | six each | Latin | seni | senary |
| senti-, sens-, sent- | feel, perceive, sense | Latin | sentire, sensus | consensus, sentient |
| sept- | fence, partition, enclosure | Latin | saeptum | transept |
| sept-, septi-, septem- | seven | Latin | septem | septennial |
| septen- | seven each | Latin | septeni | septenary |
| septim- | seventh | Latin | septimus | septimal, septime |
| septuagen- | seventy each | Latin | septuageni | septuagenary |
| septuagesim- | seventieth | Latin | septuagesimus | septuagesima, septuagesimal |
| septuagint- | seventy | Latin | septuaginta | Septuagint |
| sequ-, secut- | follow | Latin | sequi, sequere, secutus | consecutive, sequence |
| ser-, sat- | cultivate | Latin | serere, satus | sative |
| ser- | body fluid | Latin | serum | serous |
| ser- | late | Latin | serus | serein, serotine |
| serp- | crawl, creep | Latin | serpere, serptus | serpent |
| serr- | saw, saw-toothed | Latin | serra, serrare | serration |
| serv- | save, protect, serve | Latin | servare | conservation |
| sesqui- | one and a half | Latin | sesqui | sesquicentennial |
| set- | bristle, hair | Latin | saeta | seta, setose |
| sever- | stern, strict, serious | Latin | severus | severity |
| sex-, se- | six | Latin | sex | semester, sexangle, sexennium |
| sexagen- | sixty each | Latin | sexageni | sexagenary |
| sexagesim- | sixtieth | Latin | sexagesimus | sexagesimal |
| sext- | sixth | Latin | sextus | sextant |
| sibil- | hiss, whistle | Latin | sibilus, sibilare "to hiss, whistle," possibly of imitative origin. | sibilance |
| sicc- | dry | Latin | siccus | desiccation |
| sider- | star | Latin | sidus, sideris | sidereal |
| sign- | sign, mark | Latin | signum | design, designate, signal |
| sil- | quiet or still | Latin | silere | silence |
| silv(i)- | forest | Latin | silva | silviculture |
| simi- | ape, monkey | Latin | simia | simian |
| simil- | like, similar; make like, make similar | Latin | similis, similare, from Old Latin semol "together," from PIE root *sem-/*som- "same" (see same). | assimilate, similarity |
| simul- | imitate, simulate, make like; pretend; at the same time | Latin | simulare, simul; from similis; from Old Latin semol "together," from PIE root *sem-/*som- "same" (see same). | simulation, dissimulate, simultaneous |
| singul- | one each | Latin | singulus | singular |
| sinistr- | left | Latin | sinister, sinistri | sinistral |
| sin-, sinu- | wind, bend, curve | Latin | sinuare "wind, bend, curve," from sinus "curve, fold, bend" | insinuate, sine |
| sinus- | hollow, bay | Latin | sinus | |
| siph(o)- | tube | Greek | σίφων (siphōn) | siphon |
| sist- | cause to stand | Latin | sistere | consist, persistence |
| sit- | food, grain, wheat | Greek | σῖτος (sitos) | sitology |
| soci- | group | Latin | socius, sociare | associate, social |
| sol- | sun | Latin | sol, solis | solar |
| sol- | comfort, soothe | Latin | solari | consolation, solace |
| sol-, soli-, solit- | alone | Latin | solus "alone", solare "make lonely" | desolate, sole, solo, solipsism |
| solen- | pipe, channel | Greek | σωλήν (sōlēn) | solenoid |
| solv-, solut- | loosen, set free, solve | Latin | solvere (pp.solutus) "loosen, set free, solve" | dissolve, solution |
| soma- | body | Greek | σῶμα, σώματος (sōma, sōmatos) | somatic |
| somn- | sleep | Latin | somnus | insomnia |
| somni- | dream | Latin | somnium | |
| son- | sound | Latin | sonus | resonance |
| soph-, sopho- | wise, clever, learned | Greek | σοφός (sophos) | sophist, sophomore |
| sorb-, sorpt- | suck | Latin | sorbere | absorb, absorption |
| sord- | dirt | Latin | sordes, sordere | sordid |
| soror- | sister | Latin | soror | sorority |
| spati- | space | Latin | spatium | spatial |
| spec-, -spic-, spect- | look | Latin | specere | conspicuous, inspection, specimen |
| spect- | watch, look at | Latin | spectare | spectator |
| specul- | observe | Latin | speculari | speculation |
| sper- | hope | Latin | spes, sperare | desperation, esperance |
| sperm- | seed | Greek | σπέρμα (sperma) | angiosperm |
| sphen- | wedge | Greek | σφήν (sphēn) | sphenoid |
| spher- | ball | Greek | σφαῖρα (sphaira) | sphere, spheroid |
| sphinct- | closing | Greek | σφίγγα | sphincter |
| spic- | spike | Latin | spica | spicule |
| spin- | thorn | Latin | spina | spine |
| spir- | breathe | Latin | spirare | respiration |
| spond-, spons- | a surety, guarantee; give assurance, promise solemnly | Latin | spondere, sponsus | respond |
| spondyl- | vertebra | Greek | σπόνδυλος (spondylos) | spondylosis |
| spu-, sput- | spew, spit | Latin | spuere | sputum |
| squal- | scaly, dirty, filthy | Latin | squalere | squalid, squalor |
| squam- | scale | Latin | squama | squamous |
| squarros- | spreading at tips | Latin | squarrosus | squarrose |
| st-, stat-, stin- | stand | Latin | stare (past participle status) "stand"; stinare, related to stare "stand"; from PIE root *sta- "stand" | stable, station |
| stagn- | pool of standing water | Latin | stagnare | stagnant |
| stalact- | | Greek | σταλακτίτης (stalaktitēs) | stalactite |
| stalagm- | | Greek | σταλαγμός (stalagmos) | stalagmite |
| stann- | tin | Latin | stannum | stannous |
| stasis- | standing, discord | Greek | στάσις (stasis) | static |
| statu-, -stitu- | stand | Latin | statuere | institution, statute |
| stear- | fat, tallow | Greek | στέαρ, στέατος (stear, steatos) | stearic acid |
| steg- | covering | Greek | στέγη (stege), στεγανός (steganos) | steganography, Stegosaurus |
| stell- | star | Latin | stella | constellation, stellar |
| sten- | narrow | Greek | στενός (stenos) | stenography |
| stere-, stereo- | solid | Greek | stereos "solid," from PIE root *ster- "stiff, rigid" | stereotype, stereoscopic |
| stern-, strat- | spread, strew | Latin | sternere, stratus | stratify |
| stern- | breastbone | Greek | στέρνον (sternon) | sternum |
| stich- | line, row | Greek | στίχος (stichos) | |
| stigmat- | mark, puncture | Greek | στίγμα (stigma) | stigma |
| still- | drip | Latin | stilla, stillare | distillation |
| stimul- | goad, rouse, excite | Latin | stimulus | stimulate |
| stingu-, stinct- | prick, stick, pierce, goad; quench | Latin | stinguere (-stinctus, pp. of -stinguere) "prick, stick, goad", and has the remote metaphorical meaning "quench"; cognate with English stick and instigate (stig- from stigare "prick, goad") and stigma; from PIE *stig- "prick, stick". | distinction, distinguish |
| stoch- | aim | Greek | στόχος | stochastic |
| stom- | mouth | Greek | στόμα (stoma) | stomatoplasty |
| strept- | twisted | Greek | στρεπτός (streptos) | Streptococcus |
| strig- | compress | Latin | strix, strigis | strigogyps |
| strigos- | having stiff bristles | Latin | strigosus from striga | strigose |
| string-, strict- | upright, stiff | Latin | stringere, strictus | stringent |
| stroph- | turn | Greek | strephein "turn" (derived words Greek strophos "twisted band" and Greek strophe "stanza," originally "a turning") | apostrophe |
| stru-, struct- | to make up, build | Latin | struere, structus | construction, construe |
| stud- | dedication | Latin | studere | student |
| stup- | wonder | Latin | stupere | stupor |
| styl- | column, pillar | Greek | στῦλος (stulos) | stylus |
| su-, sut- | sew | Latin | suere, sutus | suture |
| sui- | self | Latin | sui | sui generis, suicide |
| suad-, suas- | urge | Latin | suadere, suasus | persuasion |
| suav- | sweet | Latin | suavis | suave |
| sub-, su-, suf-, sug-, sup-, sus- | below, down, under; from below, turning upward, upward(s), up, up to, up from under, close to, closely, next to, after, behind, near, towards; subordinate, inferior | Latin | sub | submerge, suffix, suggest |
| subter- | under | Latin | subter | subterfuge |
| sucr- | sugar | Latin | succarum | sucrose |
| sud- | sweat | Latin | sudare | sudoriferous |
| sulc- | furrow | Latin | sulcus | sulcus |
| sum-, sumpt- | take, spend | Latin | sumere, sumptus | assumption, consume |
| super- | above, over, on the top (of), beyond, besides, in addition to | Latin | super | supersede |
| supin- | lying back | Latin | supinus | supine, supination |
| supra- | above, over | Latin | supra | supranationalism |
| surd- | deaf, unheard, silent, mute | Latin | surdus | absurdity, surd |
| surg- | rise | Latin | surgere "rise," contraction of surrigere "rise," from sub "up from below" + regere "keep straight, guide" | resurgent |
| syn-, sy-, syl-, sym- | with | Greek | σύν (sun) | symbol, symmetry, sympathy, synchronous, synonym, system |
| syring- | pipe | Greek | σύριγξ, σύριγγος (syrinx, syringos) | syringe |
| tac-, -tic- | be silent | Latin | tacere, tacitus | reticent, tacit |
| tach- | swift | Greek | ταχύς (tachus) | tachometer, tachycardia |
| taeni- | ribbon | Greek | ταινία (tainia) | taenidium, taeniodont, Taeniolabis |
| tal-, talo-, tali- | ankle, anklebone | Latin | talus | talus |
| tang-, -ting-, tact-, tag- | touch | Latin | tangere, tactus | contact, tactile, tangent |
| tapet- | carpet | Latin | tapete, tapetis | tapestry, tapetum, tapis |
| tard- | slow | Latin | tardus | retard, tardigrade, tardy |
| tars- | ankle | Greek | ταρσός (tarsos, a flat basket) | tarsal |
| taur- | bull | Greek | ταῦρος (tauros) | Minotaur |
| taur- | bull | Latin | taurus | Taurus |
| tax- | arrangement, order | Greek | τάξις (taxis) | taxonomy |
| techn- | art, skill | Greek | τέχνη (technē) | technology |
| teg-, tect- | cover | Latin | tegere, tectus | integument, protection |
| tele- | far, far off, afar, at or to a distance | Greek | τῆλε (tēle) | telegram, telephone, telescope |
| tel-, tele-, telo-, teleo- | end, goal, result; entire, perfect, complete; tax | Greek | τέλος (telos), teleos (genitive telos), literally "completion of a cycle" | teleology, telophase |
| temn-, tempt- | despise, scorn, slight | Latin | temnere, temptus | contemn, contempt, contemptible |
| tempor- | time | Latin | tempus, temporis | contemporary, temporal, temporary |
| ten-, -tin-, tent-, -tain, -tinu- | hold, keep, maintain | Latin | tenere, -tinere (past participle -tentus), -tinuus, from PIE root *ten- "stretch"; Connection notion between "stretch" and "hold" is "cause to maintain". | continent, detention, tenacious, tenor |
| tend-, tens-, tent- | stretch, strain, extend | Latin | tendere (past participle tensus); -tendere (past participle -tentus); from PIE root *ten- "stretch" | extend, extension, tensile |
| tenu- | slender, thin, make thin | Latin | tenuis, tenuare | attenuate, tenuous |
| tep- | be warm | Latin | tepere | tepid, tepor |
| ter-, trit- | rub | Latin | terere, tritus | attrition, contrite, detritus, trite |
| teret- | rounded | Latin | teres, teretis | subterete, teretial |
| terg-, ters- | wipe | Latin | tergere, tersus | detergent, terse |
| termin- | boundary, limit, end | Latin | terminus | determine, terminal, termination |
| tern- | three each | Latin | terni | ternary, ternion |
| terr-, terra- | earth, land | Latin | terra "earth, land," literally "dry land" (as opposed to "sea"); from PIE root *ters- "dry" (cf Latin torrere "dry up, parch") | terrace, terrain |
| terti- | third | Latin | tertius | tertian, tertiary |
| test- | witness | Latin | testis | testament, testimony |
| tetr- | four | Greek | τέσσαρες (tessares) | tetrahedron, tetrode |
| tex-, text- | weave | Latin | texere, textus | context, subtle, textile, texture |
| thalam- | bridal chamber, inner chamber, bedroom | Greek | θάλαμος (thalamos) | hypothalamus |
| thalass- | sea | Greek | θάλασσα (thalassa) | Panthalassa, thalassemia |
| than- | death | Greek | θάνατος (thanatos) | euthanasia, thanatology |
| the-, theo-, thus- | god | Greek | θεός (theos) | enthusiasm, theology |
| the- | put | Greek | τίθημι (tithēmi), θήκη (thēkē) | Bibliotheca, theca, theme, thesis |
| thel- | nipple | Greek | θηλή (thēlē) | epithelium, thelium, thelial |
| theori- | speculation | Greek | θεωρία (theōria) | theorem, theory |
| ther-, thero-, theri-, therio- | beast, wild animal | Greek | ther (genitive theros) "wild animal, wild beast," from PIE *ghwer- "wild beast" (cf. Latin ferus "wild," ferox "fierce;" see fierce). | theroid, theropod |
| therm- | heat, warm | Greek | θερμός (thermos) | endotherm, thermometer |
| thym- | mood | Greek | θυμός (thumos) | dysthymia |
| thyr- | door | Greek | θύρα (thura) | thyratron |
| thyre- | large shield | Greek | θυρεός (thureos) | Thyreophora, thyroid, thyrotropin, thyroxine |
| tim- | be afraid | Latin | timere | timid, timorous |
| ting-, tinct- | dye, tinge | Latin | tingere (pp. tinctus; teindre (pp. teint), Old French variant) "dye, tinge," originally "moisten, soak", from PIE root *teng- "soak" (see dunk). | tincture |
| tom-, tomo- | cut; section, slice, piece, a cutting, section of a book, volume | Greek | τομή (tome), τόμος (tomos), temnein | atom, ectomy, tome |
| ton- | tone, vocal pitch, key in music, voice, sound, accent | Greek or Latin | Latin tonus "sound, tone, accent," literally "stretching" (in Medieval Latin, a term peculiar to music), from Greek tonos "vocal pitch, voice, accent, key in music," originally "a stretching, taut string," related to teinein "stretch" | monotone, tone |
| top- | place | Greek | τόπος (topos) | topic, topography, toponymy |
| torn-, tourn- | turn or rotate | Latin from Greek | tornare < τόρνος (tornos) | tornado, tournament |
| torpe- | numb | Latin | torpere | torpent, torpid, torpor |
| tors-, tort-, -tort, tortu-, torqu- | twist, bend, curve, turn | Latin | torquere, tortus | extortion, torque, torture |
| tot-, toti- | all, whole, entire | Latin | totus | subtotal, total, totality |
| tox- | arrow, bow | Greek | τόξον (toxon) | toxoplasmosis |
| trab- | beam | Latin | trabs, trabis | trabeculae |
| trachy- | rough | Greek | τραχύς (trachus) | trachea |
| trag- | goat | Greek | τράγος (tragos) | tragus |
| trah-, tract-, treat- | drag, draw, pull | Latin | trahere, tractus | subtrahend, tractor |
| tra-, trans-, tran- | across, over, beyond, through | Latin | *trare (present participle trans); tra-, shortened form of trans- before the consonants d-, m-, n-, l-, v-, j-. | tradition, transcend, transportation |
| trapez- | four-sided, table | Greek | τράπεζα (trapeza) | trapezius, trapezoid |
| traum- | wound | Greek | τραῦμα (trauma) | trauma, traumatic, traumatize |
| trecent- | three hundred | Latin | trecenti | trecentennial, trecentillion |
| tredec- | thirteen | Latin | tredecim | tredecimal |
| treiskaidek- | thirteen | Greek | τρεισκαίδεκα (treiskaideka) | triskaidekaphobia |
| trem- | tremble | Latin | tremere | tremor |
| trema- | hole | Greek | τρῆμα (trēma) | monotreme, trematode |
| tri- | three | Greek | τρεῖς, τρία (treis, tria) | triad, trigon, triode, tripod |
| tri- | three | Latin | trēs | triangle, triumvirate, trivia |
| tricen- | thirty each | Latin | triceni | tricenary |
| tricesim-, trigesim- | thirtieth | Latin | tricesimus | trigesimal |
| tricho-, trich-, -thrix, trichin- | hair | Greek | thrix (genitive trikhos) "hair"; trikhinos "of or like hair" | peritrichous, trichopathophobia, Trichoptera |
| trin- | three each | Latin | trini | trinary, trine, trinity |
| trit- | third | Greek | τρίτος (tritos) | tritagonist |
| trit- | wheat | Latin | triticum | triticale |
| troch- | wheel | Greek | τροχός (trochos) | trochlea |
| trop- | turning | Greek | τρόπος (tropos) | heliotropism, psychotropic, tropic |
| troph- | feed, grow | Greek | τροφή, τροφός (trophos) | dystrophy, pogonotrophy, trophic |
| trud-, trus- | thrust, push | Latin | trudere; -trusus, pp. of -trudere | extrusion, intrude |
| tuss- | cough | Latin | tussis, tussire | pertussis |
| tympan- | drum | Greek | τύμπανον (tumpanon) | tympani |
| typ-, typo- | kind; form, pattern, model, mold; impression, print; mark, symbol | Greek | τύπος (tupos), typos | archetype, phenotype, typography |
| uber- | fruitful | Latin | uber, uberare | exuberant |
| uligin- | in marshes | Latin | uligo, uliginis | uliginous |
| ulo- | wooly | Greek | οὖλος (oulos) | Ulotrichi |
| ultim- | farthest | Latin | ultimus | ultimate, ultimatum |
| ultra- | beyond, extremely | Latin | ultra- from ultra "beyond, on the further side," from PIE *al- "beyond"; compare extra, intra. | ultrasonic |
| umbilic- | navel | Latin | umbilicus | umbilical |
| umbr- | shade, shadow | Latin | umbra | penumbra, umbrella |
| un-, uni- | one, single | Latin | uni-, comb. form of unus | unary, unicorn, union |
| unc- | hooked | Latin | uncus | uncinate |
| unci- | ounce, twelfth | Latin | uncia | uncial |
| und- | wave, flow in waves, rise in waves | Latin | undare "flow in waves, rise in waves," from unda "wave", from PIE root *wed-/*wod-/*ud- "water, wave, wet" (cf. Greek hydor (see root hydr- / hydro-), Russian voda / vodka). | abundant, undulate |
| undecim- | eleventh | Latin | undecimus | undecimal |
| unden- | eleven each | Latin | undeni | undenary |
| ungui- | claw, nail | Latin | unguis | |
| ungul- | claw, hoof | Latin | ungula | ungulate |
| ur- | tail | Greek | οὐρά (oura) | uroid, uroborus |
| ur- | urine | Greek | οὖρον (ouron) | urology |
| urb- | city | Latin | urbs, urbis | suburbanite, urban, urbanism, urbanize |
| urg- | work | Latin | urgere | urgent |
| urs- | bear | Latin | ursus | Ursa Major, ursine |
| ut-, us- | use | Latin | uti, usus | usual, utility |
| uv- | grape | Latin | uva | uvea |
| uxor-, uxori- | wife | Latin | uxor (genitive uxoris) | uxoricide |
| vac- | empty | Latin | vacare | vacancy, vacation, vacuum |
| vad-, vas- | go, walk | Latin | vadere (vas-, pp. root of vad-) "go, walk" | wade, evade, pervasive |
| vag-, vaga- | wander, roam | Latin | vagus, vagare | vagabond, vague |
| van- | empty, vain, idle | Latin | vanus | vanity |
| vap- | lack (of) | Latin | vapor | evaporation, vapid, vaporize |
| veh-, vect- | carry | Latin | vehere, vectus | vehicle, vector |
| vel- | veil, cover; sail, curtain | Latin | velare, velum | revelation, velate |
| vell-, vuls- | pluck, pull, tear, twitch | Latin | vellere (-vulsus, pp. of -vellere) "pluck, pull, tear, twitch" | convulsion |
| veloc- | quick | Latin | velox, velocis | velocity |
| ven- | vein | Latin | vena | venosity |
| ven- | hunt, pursue | Latin | venari | venison, venery |
| ven-, veni-, vent- | come | Latin | venire (-ventus, pp. of -venire) "come" | advent, convention |
| vend- | sell | Latin | vendere | vendor, vending |
| vener- | worship, revere | Latin | venerari | veneration, venerate, venerable |
| vent- | wind | Latin | ventus | ventilation |
| ventr- | belly | Latin | venter, ventris | ventral |
| ver-, veri-, verac-, veraci- | true | Latin | verus; veri, genitive of verum, neuter of verus; verax (genitive veracis) "truthful" | aver, veracious, verify, verisimilitude, verity |
| verb- | word | Latin | verbum | verbal, verbatim, verbosity |
| verber- | whip | Latin | verber | reverberation |
| verm- | worm | Latin | vermis | vermiform, vermin |
| vern- | spring | Latin | ver, vernus | vernal |
| vert-, vers- | turn | Latin | vertere (pp. versus) (freq. versare) "turn," from PIE *wert- "turn, wind," from root *wer- "turn, bend" (cf. OE -weard "toward," originally "turned toward") | convert, inversion, invert, vertical |
| vesic- | bladder | Latin | vesica | vesical |
| vesper- | evening, western | Latin | vespera | vesperal |
| vest- | clothe, garment | Latin | vestis | divest, vest |
| vestig- | track | Latin | vestigium | investigate |
| vet- | forbid | Latin | vetare | veto |
| veter- | old | Latin | vetus, veteris | inveterate, veteran |
| vi- | way | Latin | via | deviate, obvious, via |
| vic- | change | Latin | vicis | vice versa, vicissitude |
| vicen-, vigen- | twenty each | Latin | viceni | vicenary |
| vicesim-, vigesim- | twentieth | Latin | vicesimus | vicesimary, vicesimation, vigesimal |
| vid-, vis- | see | Latin | videre, visus | video, vision |
| vil- | cheap | Latin | vilis | vile, vilify |
| vill- | shaggy hair, velvet | Latin | villus | villiform |
| vin- | wine | Latin | vinum | vinous |
| vinc-, vict- | conquer | Latin | vincere, victus | invincible, victory |
| vir- | man | Latin | vir | virility |
| vir- | green | Latin | virere | virid, viridian |
| visc-, visco-, viscos-, viscosi- | sticky, stickiness | Latin | viscum "anything sticky, birdlime made from mistletoe, mistletoe" | viscosity |
| viscer- | organs of the body cavity | Latin | viscus, visceris | eviscerate, visceral |
| vit- | life | Latin | vita "life", cognate with vivere "live" | vital, vitamin |
| vitell- | yolk | Latin | vitellus | vitellogenesis |
| viti- | fault | Latin | vitium | vice, vitiate |
| vitr- | glass | Latin | vitrum | vitreous |
| viv- | live | Latin | vivere "live", cognate with vita "life" | revive, survive, vivid |
| voc- | voice | Latin | vox, vocis | provocative, vocal, vocation |
| vol-, volat-, voll-, vola- | fly | Latin | volare (pp. volatum, volatus) "fly" | volatility, volley, volleyball, volant |
| vol-, volit-, volunt-, velle- | wish, will | Latin | velle, volo; volentem (nom. volens) pres. part. of velle; volentem=>volent-(vol- + -ent)=>volunt-(元音音变); volitionem (nom. volitio) "will," from stem (as in volo "I wish") of velle "wish," from PIE *wel-/*wol- "be pleasing" (see will). | volition |
| volv-, volut- | roll | Latin | volvere, volutus | convolution, revolve |
| vom- | discharge | Latin | vomere | vomit |
| vor-, vorac- | swallow | Latin | vorare, vorax | devour, voracious |
| vov-, vot- | vow | Latin | vovere, votus | votive |
| vulg- | common, crowd | Latin | vulgus | divulge, vulgarity, vulgate |
| vulner- | wound | Latin | vulnus, vulneris | vulnerable |
| vulp- | fox | Latin | vulpes, vulpis | vulpine |
| xanth- | yellow | Greek | ξανθός (xanthos) | xanthium, xanthochromia, xanthogenic, xanthophyll |
| xen- | foreign | Greek | ξένος (xenos) | xenoblast, xenogamy, xenophobia, xenon |
| xer- | dry | Greek | ξηρός (xēros) | xeroderma, xerography, xeromorph, xerophagy, xerophile, xerophyte |
| xiph- | sword | Greek | ξίφος (xiphos) | xiphisternum, xiphoid, xiphophyllous |
| xyl- | wood | Greek | ξύλον (xulon) | xylem, xylocarp, xyloid, xylophone |
| zel- | zeal, jealousy | Greek | ζῆλος (zēlos) | jealousy, zeal |
| zo- | animal, living being | Greek | ζῷον (zōion) | protozoa, zoo, zoology |
| zon- | belt, girdle | Greek | ζώνη (zōnē) | zone |
| zyg- | yoke | Greek | ζυγός (zugon) | heterozygous, zygote |
| zym- | ferment | Greek | ζύμη (zumē) | enzyme, lysozyme |
| mod- | manner, measure | Latin | modus "manner, measure" | modern, moderate, mode |
| dis-, dif-, di-, des-, de- | lack of, not; do the opposite of; apart, asunder, off, away; completely, entirely, utterly | Latin | dis- "apart, in a different direction, between," figuratively "not, un-," also "exceedingly, utterly"; (assimilated as dif- before -f-, to di- before most voiced consonants) de- shortening from des- or directly from Latin de- prefix. | dishonest, disallow, discard |
| gnar-, gnor- | know, known, aware, acquainted with | Latin | gnarus "aware, acquainted with", related to gnoscere "to know". | ignorant |
| manth-, manthem-, math-, mathem- | learn | Latin | manthanein "to learn" | mathematic, polymath |
| -mancy, mant- | divination, divination by means of, oracle, prophet | Latin from Greek | from Old French -mancie, from Late Latin -mantia, from Greek manteia "oracle, divination," from mantis "seer, prophet, soothsayer" | mantic, geomancy, necromancy, arithmancy |
| lubric- | slippery, smooth | Latin | lubricus | lubric, lubricant, lubricate |
| kin-, kino-, kines-, kinet-, kinem- | movement, motion | Greek | from Greek kino-, from kinein "to move"; from Greek kinesis; from Greek kinetos; from Greek kinema "movement," from kinein "to move" | kinesis, kinesiology, kinetic, kinase, kinesthetic, kinema, kinematics |
| leg-, lig-, lect- | read, gather, pick together, select, choose, pick up, pick out, take | Latin | legere; -lectus, pp. of -ligere or -legere | lecture, legible, legion, collect, election, select, sacrilege |
| stirp- | a root, stock of a tree | Latin | stirps, stirpis | extirpate, extirpation, stirpes |
| for- | away, opposite, against, completely | Old English | from Old English for-, indicating loss or destruction, or completion, also used as an intensive or pejorative element | forget, forgive, forbid, forsake |
| mon- | moon, month | Old English | mona "moon" | month, moon, Monday |
| mon-, monit- | advise, warn, remind | Latin | monere (past participle monitus) | monitor, admonish, summon, monument |
| parl- | speak | Old French | parler "to speak" | parlor, parley, parlance, parliament |
| minim- | smallest, least | Latin | from Latin minimum "smallest" (thing), neuter of minimus "smallest, least," superlative of minor "smaller". | minimus, minimum, minimal, minim |
| aud-, audac-, audaci- | brave, bold, dare | Latin | audere, audacis genitive of audax | audacity, audacious |
| all-, allo- | other, another, different, strange | Greek | allos | allergy, allogenic, allopathy |
| allel-, allelo- | each other, one another | Greek | allelois, allel- | parallel, allele, allelomorph, allelomimetic |
| para-, par- | defense, protection against; that which protects from; ward off | Italian | from Italian para, imperative of parare "to ward off," from Latin parare "make ready" | parachute, parados, parapet, parry |
| par-, per- | make ready, get ready, prepare, furnish, provide, arrange, order | Latin | parare | prepare, apparatus, compare, reparation, imperative |
| par-, per- | come forth, be visible, come in sight, appear; produce, bring forth, bear, give birth to | Latin | parere | apparent, appear, transparent, biparous, parent, viviparous, puerperal |
| ven- | sexual love, sexual desire | Latin | venus | venery, venereal |
| ven- | for sale | Latin | venum | venal, vend |
| lucid- | light, shine, bright; perspicuous, lucid, clear | Latin | lucidus "light, bright, clear," figuratively "perspicuous, lucid, clear" | lucid, elucidate |
| pro- | pro, for, in favor of, favoring | Latin | pro | pro, pro-life, pro-choice |
| fan- | temple | Latin | fanum | profane, fanatic |
| olig-, oligo- | small, little, few | Greek | oligos | oligopoly, oligotrophy |
| indi- | in, within | Latin | indu "in, within" (earlier endo) | indigenous, indigene, indigence, indigent |
| genit- | bear, beget, produce, birth | Latin | genitus, past participle of gignere "bear, beget, produce" | genital, congenital, progenitor |
| geni- | spirit, wit | Latin | genius, emphatic the spirit\wit\ability of inborn have | genius, genial, ingenious, congenial |
| genu- | natural, frank | Latin | genuus | genuine, ingenue, ingenuous |
| genar- | ten times | Latin | -genaria "ten times" | nonagenarian, octogenarian, sexagenarian |
| glans-, gland- | acorn, nut; acorn-shaped ball | Latin | glans (genitive glandis) | glans, glandes, gland, glandular |
| sac-, sacc- | bag | Latin | saccus | sac, sack, satchel |
| extrem- | outermost, utmost, farthest, last | Latin | extremus "outermost, utmost, farthest, last," superlative of exterus | extreme, extremist, extremity |
| exper-, experi-, expert- | try, test | Latin | experiri "try, test" from ex- "out of" + peritus "experienced, tested"; expertus, past participle of experiri | experiment, experience, expert |
| uber- | fruitful | Latin | uberare "be fruitful," related to uber "udder" | exuberant, exuberance |
| liqu-, lique-, liquid- | fluid, liquid; melt, flow | Latin | liquere, liqui, liquidus | liquefy, liquid, deliquesce |
| un- | not, reverse of, opposite of | Old English | un- | undo, unbutton, unable |
| cuper-, cover- | get, gain | Latin | cuperare, related to cipere | recover, recuperate |
| postul- | ask, demand; claim; require | Latin | postulare | postulate, postulant, expostulate |
| aper-, apert- | open, uncover | Latin | aperire, apertus | aperitif, aperture |
| oper-, opert- | close, cover | Latin | operire, opertus | operculum |
| pens-, pond-, ponder- | weigh, consider; weight | Latin | pensare (frequ. pendere) "weigh, consider", pondus (genitive ponderis) "weigh, weight", ponderare "weigh" (hence "consider") | pensive, ponder, ponderous |
| just- | just, upright, equitable | Latin | iustus | just, justice, justify |
| penit-, pent- | regret, cause or feel regret | Latin | paenitere, probably originally "is not enough, is unsatisfactory," from paene => pen- "almost" | penitence, penitentiary, repent |
| pen-, peno-, pun- | punishment, penalty | Latin | poena, poenire, punire | penal, penology, punish, impunity |
| gram-, gramo-, gramm- | metric unit of weight, small weight; something written, letter, letter of the alphabet; graph- | Greek | gramma, from stem of graphein | kilogram, program, pentagram, telegram |
| dot-, dos-, dow- | give, offer; endow, portion, bestow; marriage portion, dowry | Greek or Latin | dotare "endow, portion, bestow" from dos (gen. dotis) "marriage portion, dowry, give", from PIE *do-ti- "give", from root *do- "give", related to L. donum "a giving, gift"; dare (pp. datus) "give"; G. didonai, "give," doron "gift" | antidote, anecdote, dose, dosage, endow, dower |
| mant- | cloak | Latin | Late Latin mantum "cloak," back-formation from Latin mantellum "cloak" | mantle, dismantle, mantel, mantelpiece, manteau, mantua, manta, mantilla |
| tract-, treat- | manage, handle, deal with | Latin | tractare | tractable, treatise, treaty |
| templ- | plank, rafter; building for worship, area for the taking of auguries, piece of ground consecrated for the taking of auspices | Latin | templum | template, temple, contemplate |
| gam- | play, jest, joke; game, joy, fun, amusement | Old English | gamen, gamenian | game, gamble |
| gamb- | leg, the hock or leg of horse | Latin | gambe, gamba | gambol, gambrel |
| gam- | marriage | Greek | gamos | polygamy, monogamy, misogamy |
| spars-, spers-, sparg-, sperg- | scatter, spread, sprinkle, strew | Latin | sparsus, past participle of spargere | sparse, disperse, aspersion, Asperges |
| cit- | move, set in motion, put in sudden motion; summon, rouse, call, call forward, stir, excite | Latin | citus, past participle of ciere; citare | cite, excite, solicit |
| soll-, sol-, soli-, solid- | whole, entire | Latin | sollus "whole, entire", solidus "whole, entire, firm", PIE root *sol- "whole" | solid, solicit, consolidate |
| souci- | care | Latin | soucier "care", from Latin sollicitare (see solicit, solicitude; citus, ciere); ll -> u | insouciance, sans souci |
| pang-, ping-, pag-, pact- | fix, fasten, make firm, join together, unite | Latin | pangere, pactus, PIE root *pag-/*pak- | impinge, propagate, compact |
| onto- | a being, individual; being, existence | Greek | onto-, from stem of on (genitive ontos) "being" | ontology, paleontology |
| pall-, palli-, pallio, pallit- | cloak, coverlet, covering, mantle | Latin | pallium, related to pallo (“cloak, robe”), which is possibly from the root of pellis (“skin”). | pall, palliate |
| dogm-, dogmat- | opinion, tenet, doctrine | Greek | dogma (genitive dogmatos) "opinion, tenet," literally "that which one thinks is true," from dokein "appear, seem (good), think, believe" | dogma, dogmatic |
| gene- | generation, descent, race | Greek | genea | gene, genealogy, heterogeneity |
| fore- | before | Old English | fore | before, forebode |
| dol- | grieve, suffer, suffer pain | Latin | dolere | condole, doleful, indolence |
| cliv- | a slope | Latin | clivus "a slope", from PIE root *klei- "lean, incline" | acclivity, declivity, proclivity |
| cresc-, creas-, cret-, cre-, cru-, crut-, cruit- | grow, arise, increase | Latin | crescere | crescendo, crescent, decrease, accretion, decrement |
| -archy | rule, lead | Greek | -arkhia "rule"; arkhein | hierarchy, monarchy |
| arc-, arcu- | bow, arch | Latin | arcus, arcuare | arc, arcade, arcuate |
| -scope | instrument for seeing | Greek | Late Latin -scopium, from Greek -skopion, from skopein "to look at, examine" | horoscope, kaleidoscope, stethoscope |
| con- | endeavor, try; set oneself in motion | Greek | conari "endeavor, try," from PIE *kona-, from root *ken- "set oneself in motion" | conation, conative, deacon |
| trib-, tribo-, tript-, trips- | rub, wear out, wear away | Greek | tribos, tribein, tripsis | diatribe, lithotripsy, tribadism, tribology |
| pelag- | sea | Greek | pelagos | archipelago, pelagic |
| -tomy | a cutting | Greek | Greek -tomia "a cutting of," from tome "a cutting, section" | dichotomy, phlebotomy |
| -ectomy | surgical removal | Greek | -ektomia "a cutting out of," from ektemnein "cut out," from ek "out" + temnein "cut" | vasectomy, mastectomy |
| -logy | a speaking, discourse, treatise, doctrine, theory, science; collection | Greek | -logia (often via French -logie), from root of legein "speak; gather". | entomology, technology |
| -graphy | a writing, a recording, a description; process of writing or recording | French or Greek | -graphie, -graphia | tomography, typography |
| lys-, lyt-, lyz- | loose, loosen, set free, unfasten, untie, release, slacken, dissolve | Greek | lysis, lytos, lyein | analysis, electrolyte |
| -lyst | shortened form of -lysist, which is from lys- + -ist; -lyst replaced -lysist | Greek | -lysist, from lys- + -ist | analyst, catalyst, psychoanalyst |
| leg-, lig-, lect- | gather, collect, pick out, select, choose; count, reckon; choose words, speak, say, tell, declare, speech, diction | Greek | legein "say, speak," originally, in Homer, "pick out, select, collect"; (cogn. with lexis "speech, diction"; logos "word, speech, thought, account"; lignum "wood", literally "that which is gathered"); -lektos, verbal adjective of -legein | analects, dialect |
| langu- | weak, faint, weary | Latin | languere | languid, languish, languor |
| dich-, dicho- | in two, asunder, apart, separately | Greek | dicha | dichotomy, dichogamy |
| tect-, tecton- | builder, carpenter | Greek | tekton (genitive tektonos) "builder, carpenter," from PIE root *tek- "to make" | architect, tectonic |
| ag-, act-, eg-, ig- | act, do, make; set in motion, move; urge, impulse; drive, lead, bring, conduct, guide | Greek or Latin | agere, actus, agein | act, adage, agent, agile, variegate, navigate |
| agog- | leader, leading | Greek | agogos "leader," from agein "to lead" | pedagogue, mystagogue, hypnagogic, demagogue |
| agon- | contest, a struggle for victory in the games | Greek | agonia, agon, from agein "to lead" | agony, antagonist, protagonist |
| bil-, bili- | bile, fluid secreted by the liver | Latin | bilis "fluid secreted by the liver," also one of the four humors (also known as choler), thus "anger" | bile, biliary, bilious |
| -men-, -min-, -meno-, -omen-, -omin-, -omeno- | passive suffix | Greek | Greek passive suffix -menos, -omenos (behind the roots that ending with consonant). | phenomenon, abdomen, feminine, abdominal |
| phan-, phen-, pheno- | appear, show, be seen, bring to light | Greek | from Latin phaeno-, from Greek phaino-, from phainein "show" | tryptophan, diaphanous, phenomenon |
| phen-, pheno- | pertaining to or derived from benzene | Greek | because phene had been found in coal tar, a byproduct of the manufacture of "illuminating gas," from Greek phainein "bring to light"; used in science, especially in chemicals | phene, phenol |
| domin- | lord, master, owner | Latin | dominus "lord, master, owner," literally "master of the house," from domus "house, home" | dominate |
| turb- | disorder, disturb, confuse; turmoil, uproar | Latin | turbare "disorder, disturb, confuse," from turba "turmoil, crowd" | turbid, perturb, disturb |
| turb-, turbo-, turbin- | that which spins, violent motion, whirl | Latin | turbo (genitive turbinis), probably borrowed from Greek tyrbe "turmoil, disorder," which probably derives from PIE base *twer-, *tur- "turn, whirl" | turbo, turbojet, turboprop, turbit, turbine, turbinate |
| -phile, -phil | one that loves, likes, or is attracted to | Greek | -philos, common suffix in personal names, from philos, philein | bibliophile |
| -sophy | knowledge, wisdom | Greek | -sophia, from sophia "skill, wisdom, knowledge" | philosophy, theosophy |
| self- | oneself, automatic | Old English | self | selfish |
| mis-, mes- | bad, badly, wrong, wrongly | Old English or Old French | Old English mis-, Old French mes-; In 14c.-16c. in a few verbs its sense began to be felt as "unfavorably" and was used as an intensive prefix with verbs already expressing negative feeling (e.g. misdoubt). | misread, mischief |
| ev-, aev- | age, an age, lifetime | Latin | aevum | coeval, medieval, primeval |
| ord-, ordin- | order, put in order, set in order, arrange | Latin | ordo (genitive ordinis), ordinare | ordain, ordinal, ordinary |
| mun-, muni-, muno-, muner- | gift, service, public service, duty, public duty, official duty | Latin | munus (plural munia), munus (genitive muneris), munis | municipal, immune, commune |
| mun-, muni- | defend, fortify, protect, surround with a wall, defensive walls | Latin | munire | munition, ammunition, muniments |
| val-, vali-, vale-, -vail- | be strong, be well, be worth, be of value, have power, be able | Latin | valere | avail, valor, valiant, valediction |
| dic- | judgment, justice, right; custom, usage, law | Greek | dike | theodicy, syndic, Eurydice |
| dic-, dict-, deict-, -digm | show, prove, point out | Greek | deiktos "shown," verbal adjective from deiknynai "show" | apodictic, deictic, paradigm |
| -ude, -udin-; -tude, -tudin-; -itude, -itudin- | corresponding in meaning to suffix -ness | Latin | -udo (genitive -udinis), -tudo (genitive -tudinis); As suffix, forming abstract nouns from adjectives and participles; First used ending in -t or -te; Second used ending in vowels; third used ending in consonants. | altitude, aptitude, longitude |
| a- | of | Old English | As prefix, meaning "of", from Middle English a-, from Old English of. | akin |
| a- | on; in, into | Old English | As prefix, meaning "on", used to form adjectives and adverbs from nouns; from Old English an, on; Old English on, unstressed variant of an "in, on, into," also used in Old English in many places where we would now use in. | abroad, ashore |
| a- | intensive prefix | Old English | 1) Old English intensive prefix a-, marking a verb as momentary, a single event; 2) a reduced form of Old English past participle prefix ge-, from *ga-, intensive prefix. | arise, awake |
| ne- | not, no | Greek or Latin | negative particle; Latin ne "that not," Greek ne-, n- "not," from PIE root *ne "not" | necessary, nefandous, nepenthe, neuter |
| plex-, plect-, pleg- | hit, strike | Greek | plessein; -plektos, verbal adjective of -plessein | apoplexy, apoplectic, paraplegia |
| sembl- | appear, seem, be like; together, gather | Old French | sembler; from simulare, similis; from Old Latin semol "together," from PIE root *sem-/*som- "same" (see same). | assemble, dissemble, semblance |
| -phone | voice, sound, speaker of | Greek | phone "sound, voice," related to phanai "speak", from PIE root *bha- (2) "speak, say, tell" | microphone |
| fam- | talk, rumor, report, reputation | Latin | fama, from PIE root *bha- (2) "speak, tell, say" | fame, famous, defame |
| phas-, phat-, phes-, phet-, phem- | speak, say, talk, speech | Greek | phasis, phatos, phanai, pheme, phemos; from PIE root *bha- (2) "speak, say, tell" | aphasia, apophatic, prophet, euphemism |
| -phasia, -phasy, -phemia | speech | Greek | -phemia, -phasia; phasis, pheme | aphasia |
| fabul- | speak, talk, chat; story, fable, narrative, tale | Latin | fabulare, fabulari, fabula; from PIE root *bha- (2) "speak, tell, say" | confabulate, fable, fabulous |
| tond-, tons- | shear, shave | Latin | tonsus, past participle of tondere "shear, shave," from PIE root *tom-/*tem- "cut" | tonsorial, tonsure |
| cosmet- | arrange, adorn, ornament | Greek | kosmetos, from kosmein "arrange, adorn," from kosmos "order" | cosmetic |
| genes-, genet- | origin, creation, generation, formation | Greek | genesis, from genes, from genos | genesis, genetic |
| -geny, -gony | origin, genesis, creation, generation, production, formation | Greek | -geneia, -gonia; from genes, gonos; cognate with genos; from PIE root *gen(e)- | progeny, cosmogony |
| gon-, gono- | sexual, reproductive | Greek | gonos, gone, cognate with genos, from PIE root *gen(e)- | gonad, gonorrhea |
| -gon- | angle | Greek | -gonos, from gonia "corner, angle", related to gony "knee" | decagon, octagon |
| -aster, aster- | star, starlike | Greek or Latin | aster | Clypeaster, asterisk |
| -aster | expressing incomplete resemblance | Greek or Latin | usually diminutive and deprecatory, from Latin, from Greek -aster, suffix originally forming nouns from verbs ending in -azein, later generalized as a pejorative suffix | poetaster, patraster |
| intro- | on the inside, within, inward, to the inside | Latin | intro; intero-, from interus, from in; from PIE *en-t(e)ro-, suffixed form of preposition *en "in" | introduce |
| patern- | of a father, fatherly | Latin | paternus, the adjective form of pater; -nus, Latin adjective suffix, usually suffixed to the word which is ending with -(e/u/...)r, especially for noun. | paternal, paternity |
| matern- | maternal, of a mother | Latin | maternus, the adjective form of mater | maternal, maternity |
| fratern- | brotherly | Latin | fraternus, the adjective form of frater | fraternal, fraternity, fraternize |
| extro- | outwards | Latin | a variant of extra- by influence of intro-; on the analogy of intro- | extrovert |
| over- | above; highest; across; too much; above normal; outer | Old English | ofer (see over) | overturn, overthrow |
| terg-, tergi- | back, the back | Latin | tergus, tergum | tergal, tergiversate |
| cusp-, cuspid- | point, pointed end | Latin | cuspis (genitive cuspidus) | cusp, cuspid |
| cumul-, cumulo- | heap | Latin | cumulus; cumulo-, comb. form of cumulus | cumulate, cumulus |
| paus-, pos- | halt, cease, pause, stop, rest | Greek or Latin | pausa, pausare; pausis, pauein | pause, repose, composure |
| ton- | thunder | Latin | tonare | astonish, detonation |
| ten-, ton- | stretch, strain, extend | Greek | tonos, teinein | hypotenuse, peritoneum |
| tetan-, tetano- | tetanus | Greek | tetanos "stretched, rigid, stiff", from a reduplicated form of the PIE base *ten- "stretch" | tetanus, tetany |
| tenac-, tinac-, tenaci-, tinaci- | tough, holding fast, holding tightly | Latin | tenax (genitive tenacis) "tough, holding fast," from tenere "hold" | tenacity |
| dign- | worthy, suitable, fitting, proper | Latin | dignus (for *dec-nos), (lit. 'decorated, splendid'); from PIE base *dek-, *dok- "take, receive, accept; acceptable, suitable, fitting, proper" | dignity, indignant |
| doc- | a wooden beam | Greek | dokos 'a wooden beam' (lit. 'that which holds the roof'); from PIE base *dek-, *dok-. | diplodocus |
| didact- | teach | Greek | didaskein (past participle didaktos); prob. from *didac-/*didak- which is a reduplicated form of the PIE base *dek-, dissimilated from *di-dak-skein and cogn. with Latin discere (for *didk-skere) "learn"; from PIE base *dek-, *dok-. | didactic |
| decor- | ornament | Latin | decus (genitive decoris) "ornament, splendor, glory, honor, dignity, grace"; from PIE base *dek-, *dok-. | decorate |
| dec-, decor- | seemly, becoming, suitable, fitting, proper | Latin | decere "be fitting or suitable or seemly"; decorus "suitable, seemly, fitting, proper", from decus (genitive decoris) "ornament, splendor, glory, honor, dignity, grace"; from PIE base *dek-, *dok-. | decent, decorous |
| ali- | other, the other, another | Latin | alius "(an)other", compare Greek allos "other" (all-, allo-) from PIE *al- "beyond". | alibi, alias, alien, alienate |
| al-, ali-, ol-, el-, alm- | nourish, feed, grow | Latin | alere; almus, from alere; from PIE root *al- "grow, nourish" | alumnus, aliment, adolescent, atheling, Alma Mater |
| alt-, alti- | high | Latin | altus "high," literally "grown tall", cognate with alere, from PIE root *al- "grow, nourish" | altar, altimeter, alto |
| -mony | denoting action, state, condition, result of an action or condition | Latin | nominal suffix, from -monia, -monium (cognate with Greek -men). | patrimony, sanctimony, testimony |
| alter- | change | Latin | alterare "change," from Latin alter "the other (of the two)," from PIE *al- "beyond" + comparative suffix -ter. | alter, alteration |
| altern- | one after the other, alternate, in turns, reciprocal | Latin | alternus, the adjective form of alter. | alternate, subaltern |
| proles-, prolet-, proli- | offspring | Latin | proles "offspring", contracted from *pro-oles, from PIE *pro-al-, from *pro- "forth" + *al- "grow, nourish" | prolific, proliferation, proles |
| agor-, egor-, agyr-, egyr- | open space, assembly, public assembly, place of assembly | Greek | agora "open space, (public) assembly", from ageirein "assemble"; agyris/aguris "place of assembly," Aeolic form of agora; from PIE base *gere-, *ger- "gather, gather together, assemble". | agora, agoraphobia |
| agor-, egor- | speak openly, speak (in the assembly), declaim (in the assembly), speak in public | Greek | agoreuein "speak openly, speak (in the assembly)," originally "speak in the assembly," from agora "assembly", from ageirein "assemble"; from PIE base *gere-, *ger- "gather, gather together, assemble". | allegory, category, paregoric |
| min-, men-, menac-, menaci-, minac-, minaci- | threaten | Latin | minax (genitive minacis) "threatening," from minari "threaten, jut, project," related to mons "hill" (see mount, montem (nominative mons) "mountain," from PIE root *men- "jut, jut out, stand out, project") | menace, minatory |
| men- | lead, direct, drive | Latin | mener "lead, direct, drive," from Latin minare "threaten," in Late Latin "drive (animals) with shouts," variant of minari "threaten, jut, project," related to montem (nominative mons) "mountain," from PIE root *men- "jut, stand out, project". | amenable, demeanor, promenade |
| mont-, mount- | mountain | Latin | montem (nominative mons), mons (genitive montis) "mountain" | mount, mountain, amount |
| mnes-, mnest-, mnemon- | memory, remembrance | Latin | mnesis, mnestis, mnemon (genitive mnemonos) | anamnesis, amnesty, mnemonic |
| ang-, angu-, anxi- | choke, squeeze, throttle; torment, cause distress | Latin | angere, anguere, anxius | anger, angry, anguish, anxious, anxiety |
| electr-, electro- | electrical, electricity | Greek | Latinized form of Greek elektro-, comb. form of elektron "amber" (see electric) | electric, electricity |
| op-, opo-, ops- | eye | Greek | ops (genitive opos) "eye" from PIE *okw- "see" | myopia |
| my- | close, shut | Greek | myein "close, shut" | myopia |
| -centric | having a center (of a certain kind); centered on | Greek | kentrikos "pertaining to a center," from kentron (see center) | anthropocentric |
| -pathy | feeling, suffering, emotion; disease, system of treatment of disease | Latin | -pathia, from Greek -patheia "suffering, feeling", from pathos or pathein; Meaning "system of treatment of disease" is abstracted from homeopathy. | apathy, allopathy |
| gem-, gemm-, gemmi- | precious stone; bud | Latin | gemma "precious stone, jewel," originally "bud," perhaps from the root *gen- "produce" | gem, gemmologist |
| -fold | multiplicative suffix | Old English | -feald, related to Greek -paltos, -plos; Latin -plus; and the word of fold | manifold, hundredfold |
| -ple | multiplicative suffix | Latin | -plus "multiplicative suffix, -fold", related to plicare "fold" | triple |
| stat- | state, condition, manner of standing, position | Latin | status "manner of standing, position, condition," noun of action from past participle stem of stare "stand," from PIE root *sta- "stand" | status, state |
| reg- | a king, a leader | Latin | rex (genitive regis) "a king, a leader," cognate with regere; (compare Old English rice "kingdom," -ric "king," rice "rich, powerful," riht "correct") | rex, regent |
| tent-, tenta-, tempt- | feel, try, test | Latin | tentare "feel, try" (variant of temptare "feel, try, test") | attempt, tentacle, tentative |
| clam-, -claim | cry out, shout, call, proclaim | Latin | clamare "cry out, shout, proclaim" (cognate with Latin calare "announce solemnly, call out" and Greek kalein "call"), from PIE base *kla-, variant of root *kal- "shout", perhaps from imitative origin (compare word call) | clamor, acclaim |
| cess-, ceas- | cease, stop, come to an end | Latin | cessare "cease, stop," freq. of cedere (pp. cessus) "yield, give place, give up some right or property," orig. "go, go from, proceed, leave, go away, withdraw, give ground," cogn. with Greek hodos "way," from PIE *ked- "go, yield" | cease, incessant |
| lex- | word, speech, diction | Greek | lexis "word, speech, diction", from legein "say"; cognate with legere, logos | lexis, lexical, lexicon |
| lexic-, lexico- | dictionary, wordbook, pertaining to words | Greek | lexikon "wordbook, dictionary"; lexikos "pertaining to words," from lexis "word," from legein "say" | lexicography |
| futil- | vain, worthless | Latin | futilis "vain, worthless," literally "pouring out easily" (of a vessel), hence "easily emptied, leaky, unreliable," from base of fundere (past participle fusus) "pour, melt" | futile, futility |
| par-, pari- | equal, pair, counterpart | Latin | par (genitive paris) "equal, pair, counterpart" (see par). | pair, disparity, parity |
| verg- | turn, bend, turn toward, tend toward | Latin | vergere "bend, turn, tend toward, turn toward," from PIE *werg- "turn," from root *wer- "turn, bend" | converge, verge |
| -fid | split, divided into parts | Latin | -fidus, from findere (past participle fissus) "split" | bifid, trifid |
| sanct-, sanctu- | holy, make sacred, consecrate; decree, confirm, ratify | Latin | sanctus, past participle of sancire "make sacred"; cognate with sacrare, from sacer (genitive sacri) | sanction, sanctify |
| torr-, tost- | dry up, parch | Latin | torrere (past participle tostus) "dry up, parch", from PIE root *ters- "dry" (cf. Latin terra "earth, land," literally "dry land" (as opposed to "sea")). | torrid |
| hepar-, hepat- | liver | Greek | hepar (genitive hepatos) "liver" | hepar, heparin, hepatic |
| fig-, fict- | shape, form, devise, feign | Latin | fingere (pp. fictus) "shape, form, devise, feign," originally "to knead, form out of clay," from PIE *dheigh- "form, knead" (cognate with dough) | figure, figment, fiction |
| tellur- | earth | Latin | tellus (genitive telluris) "earth" | tellurium, tellurian |
| hemer- | day | Greek | hemera "day" | ephemeral |
| stig- | prick, stick, pierce, goad | Latin | stigare "prick, goad"; cognate with English stick and stigma, Latin stinguere; from PIE *stig- "prick, stick". | instigate, stigma |
| op-, opi-, opul- | wealth, abundance | Latin | ops (genitive opis) "wealth, abundance", cognate with opus "work, labor, exertion" (source of Italian opera, French oeuvre), from PIE root *op- "work, produce in abundance". | copious, opulent |
| flagr- | burn, blaze, glow | Latin | flagrare "burn, blaze, glow" | flagrant, conflagrate |
| fulg- | shine | Latin | fulgere "shine" | fulgent |
| fulmin- | lightning, lightning flash | Latin | fulmen (genitive fulminis) "lightning flash," related to fulgere "shine, flash" | fulminant |
| flam-, flamm- | flame | Latin | flamma "flame" | flame, flammable |
| horr- | bristle with fear, shudder | Latin | horrere "bristle with fear, shudder" | horror |
| cond- | store, hide, put together | Latin | condere "store, hide, put together," from con- "together" + -dere "put, place," comb. form of dare "give" | abscond, recondite |
| salut- | greet, good health | Latin | salus (genitive salutis) "good health", salutare (verbal form of salus) "greet" literally "wish good health to"; cognate with salvus (verbal form salvare). | salute, salutary |
| salubr-, salubri- | promoting health, healthful | Latin | salubris (genitive of saluber) "promoting health, healthful"; cognate with salvus (verbal form salvare), salus (genitive salutis). | salubrious |
| plod-, plos- | burst | Latin | -plodere (pp. -plosus) "burst", from plaudere "clap, clap the hands, applaud", but now only use its figurative sense "burst"; 雷鸣般的掌声, 爆炸般的掌声. | explode, explosion |
| men-, meni- | moon | Greek | mene "moon", cognate with men (genitive menos) "month" | meniscus |
| mens-, -mester | month | Latin | mensis "month", -mestris [-me(n)s-tris] "of month" | semester, mensal |
| hedr-, -hedra | seat, chair, base, face of a geometric solid | Greek | hedra "seat, base, chair, face of a geometric solid," cognate with Latin sedere "sit", from PIE root *sed- "sit". | tetrahedron, cathedral |
| lent- | slow, flexible, supple | Latin | lentus "slow, flexible, supple" | relent, lento |
| fac-, faci-, fici- | face, appearance | Latin | facies "face, appearance" | face, efface, facial |
| gent- | race, clan | Latin | gens (genitive gentis) "race, clan," from root of gignere "beget," from PIE root *gen- "produce" | gens, gentile, gentle |
| oram- | view, sight, spectacle, that which is seen | Greek | horama (orama) "view, sight, spectacle, that which is seen," from horan "look, see, view" | panorama, diorama |
| claustr-, claustro- | place that shut in, confined place | Latin | claustrum (plural claustra) is formed from claus- + -trum (instrumental suffix), claus- is the pp. stem of claudere (pp. clausus) "shut, close" | claustral, claustrophobia |
| tedi-, tidi- | dull, weary | Latin | taedium "dull, weary" | tedium, tedious, fastidious |
| drap- | cloth | Old French | drap "cloth", from late Latin drapus / drappus, which was ultimately of Celtic origin. | drape, drab |
| alg-, algo-, -algia | pain | Greek | algos "pain", algein "feel pain" | otalgia, nostalgia |
| sculpt- | carve, engrave | Latin | sculpere (pp. sculptus) "carve, engrave" | sculptor |
| limin- | threshold | Latin | limen (genitive liminis) "threshold", cognate with limes (genitive limitis) "border, limit, boundary", see lintel (from Old French lintel "threshold"). | eliminate |
| tric- | perplex, perplexity | Latin | tricae (plural) "perplexities", it meant perhaps originally "twisted ways" and derives from PIE base *treik- "turn, twist". 这里取其引申义，表示各种东西纠缠在一起，扭在一起的错综复杂的情况. | extricate, intricate |
| hort-, hortat- | exhort, encourage, urge, incite, instigate | Latin | hortari (pp. hortatus) "exhort, encourage, urge, incite, instigate", freq. of horior, gen. horiri "urge, incite, encourage, exhort". | exhort, hortative |
| cerebr-, cerebro- | brain; understanding | Latin | Latin cerebrum "the brain" (also "the understanding"), from PIE *keres-, from root *ker- "top of the head" (see horn). | cerebral |
| mult-, multa-, multat-, mulct- | punish, to fine | Latin | mulctare, altered (Barnhart calls it "false archaism") from multare "punish, to fine," from multa "penalty, fine" | mulct |
| monstr-, monstrat- | show, point out; advise, instruct | Latin | monstrare (pp. monstratus) "show, point out, advise", from monster, from monere "warn, advise" | remonstrance |
| dolor-, doloro-, dolori- , dol- | pain, grief | Latin | dolor "pain, grief", from dolere "feel pain, grieve" | dolorous, dolorimeter |
| piet-, pi-, pit-, pite-, piti-, pious- | dutiful, dutiful conduct; kind, kindness; devout; compassion; appease, atone, propitiate | Latin | pius | pity, expiate, pious, piteous |
| merit-, meret-, meri-, mere- | deserve; earn, acquire, gain; entitled to | Latin | merere, mereri (pp. meritus) "to earn, gain" | merit, demerit, meretricious |
| -trix, -tric-, -trici- | female agent | Latin | -trix (genitive -tricis) | meretricious |
| orexi-, orex-, -orexia, -orexic, -oretic, -orectic, -rexia | appetite [hunger]; to stretch out for; to desire | Greek | orexis "appetite, desire," from oregein "to desire, stretch out" (cognate with Latin regere "to keep straight, guide, rule;" see regal). | anorexia, orectic |
| pancre-, pancreo-, pancreat-, pancreato-, pancreatic-, pancreatico- | pancreas [pan, "all" plus kreas, "flesh"; the idea apparently being that the pancreas is an organ composed entirely of glandular flesh] | Greek | pankreas "sweetbread (pancreas as food), pancreas," literally "entirely flesh," from pan- "all" + kreas "flesh" | pancreas, pancreatic |
| opin- | to suppose, to think, to judge | Latin | opinari "think, judge, suppose, opine" | opinion, opine |
| bat-, batt- | beat, strike, hit; attack | Latin | Old French batre "to beat, strike" (11c., Modern French battre "to beat, to strike"), from Latin battuere "to beat, strike" (cognate with beat, see beat). | debate, abate, batter, battle |
| arbor-, arbori- | tree | Latin | arbor | arboreal |
| varic- | straddle; varicose vein | Latin | varicare "to straddle," from varicus "straddling," from varus "bent, crooked, bowlegged, knock-kneed" (see varus); varix (genitive varicis) "varicose vein". | varicose, prevarication |
| cort-, cortic-, cortico- | bark of a tree | Latin | cortex (genitive corticis) "bark of a tree"; literally, that which is "stripped off"; used in its extended senses, chief among these being "pertaining to the outer layer of a bodily organ, especially the brain" | cortex, cortical |
| cori- | skin; hide, leather; the hide stripped off | Latin | corium "hide, leather, skin"; cognate with cortex (genitive corticis) "bark of a tree"; maybe fur => corium. | corium, excoriate |
| troglo-, trogl- | cave, hole; thriving in caves; cave dweller | Greek | trogle "hole, mouse-hole" (from trogein "to gnaw, nibble, munch;" see trout) (through the concept of an animal chewing a hole). | troglodyte |
| dyt-, dys- | go in, dive in, put on, enter | Greek | dyein "go in, dive in, put on, enter" | ecdysiast, troglodyte |
| scabr- | rough, scaly | Latin | scaber "rough, scaly," related to scabere "to scratch, scrape" | scabrous |
| onco-, oncho-, -oncus | tumor, bulk, mass | Greek | Latinized form of Greek onko-, comb. form of onkos "bulk, size, mass, body" | oncology |
| jejuno-, jejun- | empty, dry, barren | Latin | ieiunus "empty, dry, barren," literally "fasting, hungry, without food" | jejune |
| platy-, plat-, platino-, platt- | broad, wide; flat, level | Greek | platys "flat, wide, broad," from PIE *plat- "to spread" | plate, platform |
| hopl-, opl- | arms, armor | Greek | hopla "arms, armor," plural of hoplon "tool, weapon, implement"; hopla (plural), "arms" of a hoplites ("heavily armed soldier") | panoply, hoplite |
| scrup-, scrupul- | uneasiness, anxiety, pricking of conscience | Latin | scrupulus, literally "small sharp stone," diminutive of scrupus "sharp stone or pebble, rough or sharp stone," used figuratively by Cicero for a cause of uneasiness or anxiety, probably from the notion of having a pebble in one's shoe. | scruple, scrupulous |
| barb- | beard, beardlike appendage | Latin | barba "beard" | barb, rebarbative, barber, barbate, barbel |
| calor-, calori-, calid-, cald-, calo-, cal-, cale- | heat, warm, be hot | Latin | calor (genitive caloris) "heat"; calidus "warm," calere "be hot" | calorie, scald |
| nug-, nuga-, nugat-, nugac-, nugaci- | trifling; useless, worthless | Latin | nugari (pp. nugatus) "to trifle, jest, play the fool," from nugae "jokes, jests, trifles" | nugacious, nugatory |
| maci- | thin, leanness | Latin | macies "leanness," from macer "thin" (see macro-). | emaciate |
| sol-, solet- | be accustomed, be wont, be used to | Latin | solere "be accustomed, be wont, be used to" | insolence, obsolete |
| tacho-, tach-, tachy- | fast, speed, swift, rapid | Greek | takhos "speed, swiftness, fleetness, velocity," related to takhys "swift" | tachometer |
| com- | banquet, revel, festival, merrymaking | Greek | komos "banquet, revel, festival, merrymaking" | comedy, comic, Comus |
| flocc- | tuft of wool, flock of wool | Latin | floccus "flock of wool, tuft of wool" | flocculate, flock, floss |
| ballo-, ball-, balo-, bolo-, bol-, -bola | throw, send, put; that which is thrown | Greek | ballein "to throw, to throw so as to hit," also in a looser sense, "to put, place, lay"; Greek bole "a throw, beam, ray"; Greek ballizein "dance," literally "throw one's body," ancient Greek dancing being highly athletic. | anabolism, ballistics, ball |
| axillo-, axill-, axil- | armpit, upper arm, wing | Latin | axilla "armpit, upper arm, wing", diminutive of axis, from PIE *aks- "axis" (see axis). | axillary |
| dipso-, dips-, -dipsia, -dipsy | thirst, thirsty to drink | Greek | dipsa "thirst" | adipsia, dipsomania |
| sorc-, sors-, sort- | lot, fortune, fate | Latin | sors (genitive sortis) "lot, fate, fortune" | sorcery, sortilege |
| clys-, clyst-, clysm- | wash | Greek | klyzein "to wash," from PIE *kleue- "to wash, clean" | cataclysm |
| turpit-, turp- | disgraceful, depravity, infamy | Latin | turpis "vile, physically ugly, base, unsightly," figuratively "morally ugly, scandalous, shameful" | turpitude |
| stulti-, stult- | foolish, foolishness, folly, silliness | Latin | stultus "foolish" (literally "uneducated, unmovable," from PIE root *stel- "to put, stand") | stultify |
| phylacto-, phylact-, phylac-, phylax- | guard, protect, preserve | Greek | phylax (genitive phylakos) "guard" | phylactery |
| pav-, pavid- | tremble with fear | Latin | pavidus "fearful", from pavere "tremble with fear" | pavid |
| oscillo-, oscill-, oscillat- | swing, vibrate | Latin | "small mask of the god Bacchus" (which is open-mouthed Bacchus as a charm) that was hung in Roman vineyards to honor the god of wine while scaring off grape-eating birds as it vibrated and swang in the breeze. | oscillate |
| sopor- | sleep, deep sleep | Latin | sopor (genitive soporis) "deep sleep" | sopor, soporate |
| viti-, vitu-, vic-, vici- | fault, defect | Latin | vitium "fault, defect" (see vice (n.1)) | vicious, vituperate |
| termit- | a worm that eats wood, woodworm, white ant | Latin | termes (genitive termitis), a special use of Late Latin termes "woodworm, white ant," literally, "the boring worm", altered (by influence of Latin terere "to rub, wear, erode") from earlier Latin tarmes. | termite |
| uvul-, uvulo- | a pendent, uvula | Latin | uvula "little grape, small bunch of grapes," diminutive of uva "grape"; So called from fancied resemblance of the organ to small grapes. | uvula |
| malleo-, malle- | hammer | Latin | malleus "a hammer" (cognates: Greek malakos "soft," mylos "millstone;" Latin molere "grind," mola "millstone, mill," milium "millet;" Old English melu "meal, flour") | malleability |
| machin-, mechano-, mechan- | machine, device, mechanics; means, contrivance, trick | Greek | makhana, variant of mekhane "device, means," related to mekhos "means, expedient, contrivance" | machine, mechanics |
| galvano-, galvan- | voltaic electricity; electric currents; and primarily, direct electrical current | Italian | Named after the Italian physician and physicist Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) who discovered it c.1792 while running currents through the legs of dead frogs. | galvanism |
| miasm-, miasma-, miasmat- | pollution, stain, pollute | Greek | miasma (genitive miasmatos) "stain, pollution, defilement, taint of guilt," from stem of miainein "to pollute," from possible PIE root *mai- "to stain, soil, defile" (source of Old English mal "stain, mark," see mole (n.1)). | miasma, miasmic |
| caulo-, cauli-, caul- | stem, stalk | Latin | caulis "stem, stalk," which in Vulgar Latin replaced brassica as the usual word for "cabbage" | caulis, cauline, cauliflower, cole |
