英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

rival (v.)[rival 词源字典]: c. 1600, from rival (n.). Related: Rivaled; rivaling. [rival etymology, rival origin, 英语词源]
rivalrous (adj.): 1812; see rivalry + -ous.
rivalry (n.): 1590s; from rival + -ry. Shakespeare has rivality ("Antony and Cleopatra"), but from the secondary sense of the root word and meaning "partnership, equality in rank."
rive (v.): "tear in pieces, strike asunder," c. 1200, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse rifa "to tear apart" (compare Swedish rifva, Danish rive "scratch, tear"), from PIE root *rei- "to scratch, tear, cut" (see riparian).
riven (adj.): "split, cloven, rent," c. 1300, past participle adjective from rive "to tear, rend."
river (n.): early 13c., from Anglo-French rivere, Old French riviere "river, riverside, river bank" (12c.), from Vulgar Latin *riparia "riverbank, seashore, river" (source also of Spanish ribera, Italian riviera), noun use of fem. of Latin riparius "of a riverbank" (see riparian). Generalized sense of "a copious flow" of anything is from late 14c. The Old English word was ea "river," cognate with Gothic ahwa, Latin aqua (see aqua-). Romanic cognate words tend to retain the sense "river bank" as the main one, or else the secondary Latin sense "coast of the sea" (compare Riviera).

U.S. slang phrase up the river "in prison" (1891) is originally in reference to Sing Sing prison, which was literally "up the (Hudson) river" from New York City. Phrase down the river "done for, finished" perhaps echoes sense in sell down the river (1851), originally of troublesome slaves, to sell from the Upper South to the harsher cotton plantations of the Deep South.
riverine (adj.): 1849, from river + -ine (1). French form riverain is attested from 1858.
riverside (n.): c. 1400, from river + side (n.).
rivet (n.): c. 1400, from Old French rivet "nail, rivet," from Old French river "to clench, fix, fasten," possibly from Middle Dutch wriven "turn, grind," related to rive (v.). The English word may be directly from Middle Dutch.
rivet (v.): early 15c., from rivet (n.). Meaning "to command the attention" is from c. 1600. Related: Riveted; riveting.
riveter (n.): 1800, agent noun from rivet (v.).
riveting (adj.): "commanding attention," 1854, present participle adjective from rivet (v.). Related: Rivetingly.
Riviera (n.): Mediterranean seacoast around Genoa, 1630s, from Italian riviera, literally "bank, shore" (see river). In extended use, the coast from Marseilles to La Spezia, which became popular 19c. as a winter resort. Thence adopted (sometimes ironically) in reference to areas of other countries, as in American Riviera (Florida, 1887); English Riviera (Devonshire coast, 1882).
rivulet (n.): 1580s, from Italian rivoletto, diminutive of rivolo, itself a diminutive of rivo "brook," from Latin rivus "stream, brook," from PIE *reiwos, literally "that which flows," from root *reie- "to flow, run" (see Rhine). For ending, see -let.
RNA (n.): 1948, abbreviation of ribonucleic acid (see ribonucleic).
roach (n.1): shortened form of cockroach, 1837, on mistaken notion that it was a compound. In contemporary writing said to be from a polite desire to avoid the sexual connotation in the first syllable. Meaning "butt of a marijuana cigarette" is first recorded 1938, perhaps from resemblance to the insect, but perhaps a different word entirely.
roach (n.2): small freshwater fish, c. 1200, from Old French roche (13c.), of uncertain origin, perhaps from a Germanic source. Applied to similar-looking fish in North America.
road (n.): Old English rad "riding expedition, journey, hostile incursion," from Proto-Germanic *raido (cognates: Old Frisian red "ride," Old Saxon reda, Middle Dutch rede, Old High German reita "foray, raid"), from PIE *reidh- "to ride" (see ride (v.)). Also related to raid (n.). In Middle English, "a riding, a journey;" sense of "open way for traveling between two places" is first recorded 1590s. Meaning "narrow stretch of sheltered water" is from early 14c. (as in Hampton Roads in Virginia).

Modern spelling established 18c. In 19c. U.S. use, often meaning "railroad." On the road "travelling" is from 1640s. Road test (n.) is from 1906; as a verb from 1937. Road hog is attested from 1886; road rage is from 1988. Road map is from 1786; road trip is by 1950, originally of baseball teams. Old English had radwerig "weary of travelling."
road kill (n.): also roadkill, animal killed by vehicular traffic, 1962; the figurative sense is from 1992.
road-runner (n.): "long-tailed crested desert cuckoo," 1847, American English, from road (n.) + runner. Earliest references give the Mexican Spanish name for it as correcamino and the English name might be a translation of that. The Warner Bros. cartoon character dates to 1948.